Oyais Ahmad Chat

Effects of surfactant micelles on solubilization and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Rutin

The interaction of the antioxidant Rutin with the radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) in presence of cationic (CTAB, TTAB, DTAB), non-ionic (Brij78, Brij58, Brij35), anionic (SDS) and mixed surfactant systems (CTAB-Brij58, DTAB-Brij35, SDS-Brij35) has been followed by spectrophotometric and tensiometric methods to evaluate the DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) of Rutin in these model self-assembled structures. The results show that the solubilization capacity of various single surfactant systems for both DPPH as well as Rutin followed the order cationics > non-ionics > anionic. The radical scavenging activity of Rutin in the solubilized form was higher within ionic micelles than in non-ionic micelles. However, the antioxidant exhibited enhanced activity for the radical in mixed cationic-non-ionic micelles compared with any of the single component micelles. In contrast, anionic-non-ionic mixed micelles modulated the activity of Rutin in-between that seen for pure anionic and non-ionic micelles only.

Rheological behavior and Ibuprofen delivery applications of pH responsive composite alginate hydrogels.

Synthesis and structural characterization of hydrogels composed of sodium alginate, polyethylene oxide and acrylic acid with cyclodextrin as the hydrocolloid prepared at different pH values is presented. The hydrogels synthesized show significant variations in rheological properties, drug encapsulation capability and release kinetics. The hydrogels prepared at lower pH (pH 1) are more elastic, have high tensile strength and remain almost unaffected by varying temperature or frequency. Further, their Ibuprofen encapsulation capacity is low and releases it slowly. The hydrogel prepared at neutral pH (pH 7) is viscoelastic, thermo-reversible and also exhibits sol-gel transition on applying frequency and changing temperature. It shows highest Ibuprofen encapsulation capacity and also optimum drug release kinetics. The hydrogel prepared at higher pH (pH 12) is more viscous, has low tensile strength, is unstable to change in temperature and has fast drug release rate. The study highlights the pH responsiveness of three composite alginate hydrogels prepared under different conditions to be employed in drug delivery applications.

Hydrogels of sodium alginate in cationic surfactants: Surfactant dependent modulation of encapsulation/release toward Ibuprofen

The interaction of cetyltrimethylammoium bromide (CTAB) and its gemini homologue (butanediyl-1,4-bis (dimethylcetylammonium bromide), 16-4-16 with biocompatible polymer sodium alginate (SA) has been investigated in aqueous medium. Addition of K2CO3 influences viscoelastic properties of surfactant impregnated SA via competition between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Viscosity of these polymer-surfactant systems increases with increase in concentration of K2CO3, and a cryogel is formed at about 0.5M K2CO3 concentration. The thermal stability of gel (5% SA+0.5M K2CO3) decreases with increase in surfactant concentration, a minimum is observed with increase in 16-4-16 concentration. The impact of surfactant addition on the alginate structure vis-à-vis its drug loading capability and release thereof was studied using Ibuprofen (IBU) as the model drug. The hydrogel with 16-4-16 exhibits higher IBU encapsulation and faster release in comparison to the one containing CTAB. This higher encapsulation-cum-faster release capability has been related to micelle mediated solubilization and greater porosity of the hydrogel with gemini surfactant.

An investigation of Pluronic P123–sodium cholate mixed system: micellization, gelation and encapsulation behavior

The effect of sodium cholate (NaC) on the micellization and gelation characteristics of Pluronic P123 in aqueous media has been explored using tensiometry, rheology, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and densitometry. The aggregation characteristics were altered drastically with the addition of NaC as signified by an increase in the critical micelle concentration (CMC), critical micellization temperature (CMT) and critical gelation temperature (CGT). The results were explained on the basis of electrostatic and steric destabilization of P123 micelles by NaC. The apparent hydrodynamic diameter (DH) of P123 + NaC binary systems decreased upon addition of NaC up to 1.5 wt%. Further, in addition to an increase in DH, the presence of two types of scattering species was also evidenced with increase in NaC concentration from 2.5–10 wt%. The effect of NaC on the encapsulating capacity of P123 was also studied using naproxen and pyrene as two model hydrophobes. The work could give a sound understanding about the interaction and self-assembling behavior of Pluronics with the important physiological component i.e., bile salts which is important to consider in any pharmaceutical formulation involving Pluronics as drug delivery agents.

Solubilization of triphenylamine, triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphineoxide and triphenylmethanol in single and binary surfactant systems

Solubilization and co-solubilization of triphenyls (TPs) viz., triphenylphosphine (TPP), triphenylphosphineoxide (TPPO), triphenylamine (TPA) and triphenylmethanol (TPM) were studied in various single and binary surfactant systems at 25 °C using UV-visible spectroscopy and HPLC. The solubilization capacities of different micelles towards TPs were found to be a function of the nature and structure of solubilizates, locus of solubilization, size of micelles and the nature of interactions between the solubilizate and micelles. The effect of surfactant mixing on the solubilization of TPs was evaluated using the Regular Solution Approach (RSA). The solubility enhancement of TPs within mixed micelles relative to that observed in single surfactant systems was explained in light of the structural micellar changes associated with the mixing of ionic and non-ionic surfactants. Moreover, kinetics of oxidation of TPP by hydrogen peroxide investigated in these surfactant systems was found to be sensitive to the nature of micelle and the locus of solubilization of TPP within the micelles.

Solubilization and co-solubilization of carbamazepine and nifedipine in mixed micellar systems: insights from surface tension, electronic absorption, fluorescence and HPLC measurements

UV absorption spectral and HPLC study on the solubilization and co-solubilization behavior of antiepileptic drug Carbamazepine (CBZ) and calcium channel blocker Nifedipine (NFD), which are reported to have a synergistic potentiation, was carried out in sodium cholate based binary and ternary mixed micellar systems with non-ionic polysorbate (Tween20, Tween40) and polyoxyethylene (Brij30, Brij35, Brij56 and Brij58) surfactants. The surfactant–surfactant interactions and their effect on the aggregation number, solubility of drugs, solubilization site, surfactant–drug interactions and drug–drug interactions were evaluated and explained. Synergism in mixed micellization increases the aggregation number and decreases the polarity of palisade layer resulting in enhancement of core solubilization of drugs with concomitant decrease in palisade layer solubilization. In the C12 series, CBZ shows a decrease in solubility upon surfactant mixing, indicating an appreciable solubilization in the palisade layer, whereas in the C16 series an increase in its solubility was observed. For NFD, a decrease in solubility follows the trend of synergism in mixed micellization, which is more for strongly interacting surfactant systems. During co-solubilization, because CBZ occupies preferentially the palisade layer, its solubility is decreased and the solubilization of NFD, which mainly occurs within the micellar core, is favored. The magnitude of drug–drug interactions increases in mixed micelles and is more for the surfactant systems, showing more synergism in the mixed micelle formation. The mixed micellar media used in the present study, being biocompatible, are expected to be employed as solubilization and drug delivery vehicles for co-administration of these two drugs in vivo.

Cosolubilization of Coumarin30 and Warfarin in Cationic, Anionic, and Nonionic Micelles: A Micelle-Water Interfacial Charge Dependent FRET.

Solubilization of structurally varied coumarins, viz., Warfarin (WF; a 4-hydroxy coumarin) and Coumarin30 (C30, a 7-amino coumarin) individually and in mixed states (cosolubilization) within the aqueous surfactant self-assemblies of varying architectures has been explored, exploiting steady-state, time-resolved fluorimetric, and spectrophotometric techniques. Cosolubilization studies within micelles, which have rarely been done in the literature, were specifically undertaken with the aim of understanding the effect of micelles on their photophysical phenomena when simultaneously present within these nanocarriers and assess their prospective use as an efficient FRET pair. WF solubilizes within CTAB micelles, whereas little or no solubilization is observed in Brij30 and SDS micelles. On the other hand, C30 solubilizes deep into the palisade layer of CTAB micelles, between negatively charged head groups in SDS micelles and between OE groups in Brij30 micelles. C30 and WF maintain their solubilization sites during cosolubilization. In SDS and Brij30 micelles, an increase in WF causes fluorescence quenching of C30 molecules, while in CTAB, an increase in WF causes an increase in fluorescence of C30 by excited WF molecules indicating FRET between the two molecules.

An inhibitory effect of self-assembled soft systems on Fenton driven degradation of xanthene dye Rhodamine B.

Rhodamine B (RhB) is known to be a common organic pollutant despite having various technical applications. Treatment of effluents containing such compounds is important so as to minimize their effect on environment. Advanced Oxidation Processes (Fenton and Fenton like reactions) are such methods that can oxidize the contaminants powerfully and non-selectively. This work investigates the oxidation kinetics of dye RhB by hydroxyl radical (OH) generated via Fenton reaction in presence of surfactant assemblies of varying architectures using spectrophotometric, spectrofluorometic and tensiometric methods. The presence of surfactants viz. cationics, non-ionics and some binary mixtures in the pre-micellar and post micellar concentration ranges were found to inhibit the degradation of RhB to a varying degree. However, the reaction was totally inhibited in anionic surfactant. The experimental data was fitted to a pseudo first order kinetic model and the kinetic parameters obtained thereof were explained on the basis of the nature and type of interaction between the cationic form of RhB and the surfactants of varying architectures. The work has a critical significance in view of the fact that degradation studied in presence of surfactant assemblies is more representative than studied in aqueous solution because such conditions compare well with the conditions prevailing in the environment.

Exploiting Co‐solubilization of Warfarin, Curcumin, and Rhodamine B for Modulation of Energy Transfer: A Micelle FRET On/Off Switch

Two new FRET pairs, warfarin (WF)-curcumin (CUR) and curcumin-rhodamine B (RhB), are explored by using surfactant-based self-assembled soft systems as scaffolds. The study is extended to design a two-step concurrent FRET system based on these three fluorophores, which is an important mechanism to devise artificial light-harvesting/antenna systems. Surfactant systems of varying nature (cationic, anionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic) are exploited to modulate the energy transfer in different FRET systems. Interestingly, micelle/water interfacial-charge-responsive FRET is observed owing to selective solubilization of the fluorophores during co-solubilization. The step-one FRET (WF→CUR) is switched on in cationic and zwitterionic media but switched off in anionic/nonionic media, whereas the step-two FRET from CUR to RhB is switched on in anionic/nonionic and zwitterionic media. However, both the FRET steps (WF→CUR→RhB) are observed to be active only in zwitterionic medium. Co-solubilized, appropriately mixed fluorophores having multistep FRET possibilities can be switched on/off selectively as and when required and energy efficiency can be tuned to an optimal level by varying the nature and geometry of the micellar scaffold. Thus, the two FRET pairs selectively acknowledge all types of media for their anticipated applications in biological systems, as structural tools, and for the development of artificial light-harvesting/antenna systems and lasers.

Rheological response of methylcellulose toward alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) surfactants with varying spacer length.

The modulation of properties of methylcellulose (MC) by cationic gemini surfactants with varying spacer lengths was studied employing tensiometry, rheometry and turbidimetry. Surface tension measurements anticipate that the gemini surfactant with longer spacer chain length saturates MC at lower concentrations owing to its greater hydrophobicity compared to shorter spacer analogues. Rheometric and turbidimetric measurements suggest that at very low concentrations of gemini surfactants, ion-dipole type of interactions between MC and gemini surfactants promote the extension of polymer chains which is manifested by an initial increase in the low shear viscosity and gelation temperature of MC-gemini surfactant systems, and lowering of turbidity. Such interactions were found to be stronger in case of 16-4-16 than 16-5-16, and almost absent in case of 16-6-16 surfactant system. However at concentrations above CAC, hydrophobic forces operative between MC and gemini surfactants were found to be more for 16-6-16 than that of 16-5-16 and 16-4-16. The final levelling of MC viscosity in presence of all the three gemini surfactants and the variation of gelation temperature suggests the solubilization of network junctions in the surfactant micelles. Moreover, the presence of gemini surfactant strongly affects the interaction of MC with a model hydrophobic drug rifampicin.The results highlight the importance of gemini surfactants and their spacer length in controlling the structural dynamics of MC and its effective use in pharmaceutical and food industry.