Ozan Avinc

Natural dye extraction from waste barks of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) timber and eco-friendly natural dyeing of various textile fibers

In this study, a natural dye extraction was carried out to isolate dyestuff extract powder from the waste barks of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) timber which is not a common natural dyestuff source. The natural dyestuff powder obtained was applied to cotton, flax, wool, silk, tencel, polyamide and acrylic fibers accompanied by simultaneous application of alum and natural oak ash mordants. Color properties were investigated including rub-, light- and wash-fastness performance. Differently dyed fiber samples exhibited slightly different shades of beige, brown and brownish-yellow depending on the mordant used and fiber type. Alum mordanted samples exhibited better color properties. The highest (63.4) and the second highest (45.3) f(k) color yield values were observed for alum mordanted silk and wool samples, respectively. Dyed fabrics showed excellent wash fastness, very low staining performance, and moderate light- and rub-fastness.

The effects of ozone treatment on polylactic acid (PLA) fibres

A set of knitted poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fabrics was ozonated at room temperature for periods ranging from one to 60 minutes in order to identify any accompanying effects on physical properties (specifically whiteness, water-absorbency, flexural rigidity and burst strength), fiber surface integrity or internal microstructure. A significant (ca. 6% after 10 minutes of treatment) initial increase in whiteness was observed, with longer treatment times producing little further change. The fabric’s absorbency and flexibility both increased, the time of wetting having fallen by ca. 20% and the flexural rigidity by ca. 16%, respectively, after 10 minutes of treatment. Fabric strength remained virtually unaffected for short times (up to 10 minutes) of ozonation, although longer treatments caused a measurable drop (ca. 10% after 60 minutes). SEM imaging showed virtually no evidence for surface damage, even after 60 minutes of treatment, whereas peroxide treatment caused massive pitting of the fiber surface. Raman spectroscopy of the ozonated PLA fabrics indicated that the treatment had not affected the internal microstructure of the fibers. Our conclusion is that brief (no more than 10 minutes) room-temperature ozonation is potentially an effective, safe and low-energy alternative to conventional higher temperature peroxide treatment.

The Effects of Ozone Treatment on Soybean Fibers

A set of knitted fabrics comprising soybean fibers was ozonated at room temperature for periods ranging from 2.5 to 300 minutes to identify any accompanying effects on either physical properties (specifically whiteness and burst-strength), fiber surface integrity or microstructure. A hydrogen peroxide treatment was applied to some of the fabric in order to provide a comparison. Ozonation was found to produce a promising increase in whiteness which, after the maximum exposure time, was significantly higher than was achieved using hydrogen peroxide.

Effect of combined flame retardant, liquid repellent and softener finishes on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fabric performance

The effect of flame retardant and oil/water repellent finishes on the performance and colour of poly(lactic acid) fabrics was examined, and the influence of sequential and combined finishing applications was determined. A range of drying and curing application conditions were evaluated for imparting a durable flame-retardant effect (based on a mixture of cyclic phosphonate esters) to the poly(lactic acid) fabrics. The best application conditions for applying the flame retardent with a fluorochemical and softener/lubricant, without causing significant colour change and deterioration in handle properties, was drying by 110°C followed by thermofixation at 135°C for 90 s. The flame-retardant performance of the poly(lactic acid) fabrics was found to be durable even after 50 washing cycles and the application of three different finishing chemicals (flame retardant, fluorochemical and softener/lubricant) in the same bath did not adversely affect either theflame-retardant performance or colour change of the poly(lactic acid) fabrics. Combined bath applications were preferred over separate bath applications due to the lower colour change and it was also found that the softener/lubricant used in this study had a deleterious effect on oil repellency recovery performance after hot pressing.

A novel eco-friendly colorant and dyeing method for poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate

Although madder (Rubia tinctorum) has been used as a well-known natural textile dye source for dyeing of natural fibers such as wool, silk and cotton, 100 % polyester dyeing with madder is not common. In this study, polyester samples were dyed with madder at different dyeing temperatures, from 60 °C to 130 °C, in company with 7 chemical and 5 natural mordants. Color properties and rub, light and wash fastness performances were investigated. Different shades of orange, brown, pink and reddish green colors were obtained. Dyeing at 130 °C exhibited the highest color yield, the highest chroma and the lowest lightness values. Overall, chemical mordants exhibited higher color yields than natural mordants. High wash fatness, moderate light and rub fastness levels were observed. The potassium bitartrate and gallnut, a natural mordant, exhibited the best results. The madder dyeing of polyester should be carried out at hot temperature conditions, 130 °C, in order to obtain the highest achievable color yield and chroma with the highest light and wash fastness properties.

Bleaching of Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L.) Fibers with Peracetic Acid for Textiles Industry Purposes

Hemp plant exhibits various eco-friendly properties and hemp fiber processing does not cause environmental damage, however, it is known that most chemical operations have a risk to interrupt a sustainable production. As stated in several studies, peracetic acid is an important environmental friendly bleaching agent when compared to its conventional competitors. In this study, hemp fabric was bleached with peracetic acid with exhaustion and padding methods. The effects of temperature, pH, process time, concentration on whiteness values were determined. The influences of bleaching processes were investigated via instrumental and imaging methods. Physical properties of the treated fibers were also tested. Besides peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide bleaching was carried out for comparison. COD values of bleaching effluents were analyzed for selected samples. Higher whiteness values were obtained with exhaustion bleachings than pad-batch bleachings. Quite high whiteness values (up to 68.13 Stensby whiteness index) attained in peracetic acid without significant fiber damage.

Antibacterial and Wrinkle Resistance Improvement of Nettle Biofibre Using Chitosan and BTCA

In this study, the possible improvement of the antibacterial and wrinkle resistance performance of 100% nettle fabrics was investigated. To realise this aim, antibacterial and wrinkle resistance finishing processes were applied. 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) were used to impart the wrinkle resistance property. Moreover chitosan was incorporated in the finishing bath for the antibacterial property. The effects of respective treatments on the physical properties were determined and compared along with their antibacterial activity. BTCA concentration in the solutions influenced the physical properties of the nettle fabrics and 6% BTCA usage was found to be the optimum concentration rate. The addition of BTCA to the chitosan caused an improvement in the wrinkle resistance and slightly softer handle, in comparison with pure chitosan treatment; however, the strength loss slightly increased, as expected. The FTIR-ATR spectra showed a new peak that confirmed the ester linkage formation and crosslinking reaction.

Antibacterial, UV protection, flame retardancy and coloration properties of cotton fabrics coated with polyacrylate polymer containing various iron ores

Abstract Incorporation of iron ores as additive in coating polymers to improve certain properties of textile surfaces has recently attracted increasing interest due to their low cost, distinctive characteristic properties, availability, and easy application. On the other hand, the mechanical and multifunctional effects of these ores on textile surfaces after their application via coating have not widely been investigated. In this study, pastes prepared from polyacrylate-based polymers containing iron ores like Hematite, Goethite, and the mixture of Goethite/Limonite/Hematite with different concentrations were coated on the cotton fabric by knife-over-roll method. Subsequently, the antibacterial, UV protection, flame retardancy, and coloration properties together with mechanical properties of the samples were investigated. The characterization of coated textile surfaces was examined by SEM and FT-IR analyses. The mineral contents and mean particle size values of iron ores were also determined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometers with particle size analyzer. It was concluded that cotton fabrics with multifunctional properties such as flame retardancy, UV protection, and antibacterial properties as well as natural coloration could be obtained via iron ore coating along with an abrasion resistance improvement when compared with the untreated cotton fabric.

Crease resistance improvement of hemp biofiber fabric via sol–gel and crosslinking methods

In this study, crease resistance finish with sol–gel method, crosslinking method and commercial crease resistant finish products were applied to hemp biofiber cellulosic fabrics and the effects of these studied methods on hemp fabrics were investigated by physical performance tests and characterization analyses. In addition, chitosan biopolymer was also studied to investigate its effects on performance properties of hemp cellulosic fabrics. It was determined that sol–gel method and crosslinking method could be used to improve crease resistance property of hemp fabrics. Both sol–gel and crosslinking methods exhibited comparable close results to studied commercial crease resistant finish products, but sol–gel method was found to be better than crosslinking method especially when tensile and tear strength values were considered. The crease recovery angle values of these two methods were found to be quite close to the values of commercial products, on the other hand, chitosan biopolymer addition was not observed to be efficient in terms of crease resistance and physical performance properties.

Ultrasound and Microwave Aided Natural Dyeing of Nettle Biofibre (Urtica dioica L.) with Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.)

In this study, eco-friendly 100% nettle bast bio-fibre fabric was dyed with eco-friendly natural dye, madder (Rubia tinctorum L.), using alternative dyeing methods such as ultrasound and microwave energy. Dyeings were performed with conventional-exhaustion, ultrasound and microwave methods using green tea and alum as mordants. The colorimetric, colour fastness properties and FTIR-ATR spectra of the nettle-biofibres dyed were investigated. Although the colour strengths of the microwave and ultrasound energy-aided dyeings were not as high as in conventional dyeings, the usage of microwave-energy in dyeing is important in terms of shortening the process time. All dyed nettle fabrics exhibited very high and commercially acceptable wash, dry-rub, alkaline-perspiration, acidic-perspiration and water fastness properties. Overall the conventional and ultrasound dyeing methods caused slightly higher light fastness than the microwave assisted dyeing method.