P. Alnot

Surface acoustic wave propagation in aluminum nitride-unpolished freestanding diamond structures

High-quality surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters based on aluminum nitride (AlN)/diamond layered structures were prepared using the nucleation side of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond, removed from a silicon substrate by wet etching. Highly oriented AlN thin films with optimized piezoelectric properties and with various thicknesses were sputtered onto the nucleation side of freestanding diamond. The effect of AlN thickness on the SAW phase velocity, the coupling coefficient, and the device characteristics were investigated. Experimental results show that the Rayleigh wave and the higher modes are generated. These results agree well with calculated dispersion curves and demonstrate that a high electromechanical coupling coefficient together with a high phase velocity can be obtained by using the nucleation side of freestanding CVD diamond layer.

5GHz surface acoustic wave devices based on aluminum nitride/diamond layered structure realized using electron beam lithography

Very high frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based on AlN/diamond layered structures were fabricated by direct writing using e-beam lithography on the nucleation side of chemical vapor deposition diamond. The interdigital transducers made in aluminum with resolutions down to 500nm were patterned on AlN/diamond layered structure with an adapted technological process. Experimental results show that the Rayleigh wave and the higher modes are generated. The fundamental frequency around 5GHz was obtained for this layered structure SAW device and agrees well with calculated results from dispersion curves of propagation velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficient.

High velocity SAW using aluminum nitride film on unpolished nucleation side of free-standing CVD diamond

High performances surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters based on aluminium nitride (AlN)/diamond layered structure have been fabricated. The C-axis oriented aluminum nitride films with various thicknesses were sputtered on unpolished nucleation side of free-standing polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond obtained by silicon substrate etching. Experimental results show that high order modes as well as Rayleigh waves are excited. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical dispersion curves determined by software simulation with Greens function formalism. We demonstrate that high phase velocity first mode wave (so-called Sezawa wave) with high electromechanical coupling coefficient are obtained on AlN/diamond structure. This structure also has a low temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), and preliminary results suggest that a zero TCF could be expected.

High-frequency surface acoustic wave devices based on AlN/diamond layered structure realized using e-beam lithography

We report in this paper on the study and the realization of surface acoustic wave devices based on an AlN/diamond layered structure intended for the X band (8 GHz). Both x-ray diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy, used for characterization of the structural properties of the AlN/diamond structure, have shown (002) highly oriented sputtered AlN films on free-standing chemical vapor deposition diamond films. Surface roughness of the AlN/diamond structure was measured by atomic force microscopy and showed a very low surface roughness, less than 1 nm. Low surface roughness is very important to reduce the acoustic propagation losses. SAW devices operating in the range of 8 GHz were realized by the combination of the high velocity of the AlN/diamond layered structure and the high lateral resolution obtained using e-beam lithography (EBL). Due to high electrical resistivity of the AlN film, interdigital transducers with submicronic resolution were patterned by an adapted technological EBL process. ...

Reactive DC magnetron sputtering of aluminum nitride films for surface acoustic wave devices

A piezoelectric film combined with high velocity substrate as sapphire or diamond, seems very promising for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices operating at high frequency. In this work, we concentrated on the optimization of growth parameters to perform AlN films with required properties for SAW devices: high resistivity, low roughness and high piezoelectricity coupling. AlN films are deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering on silicon substrate as a function of N concentration in Ar-N gas 22 mixtures. The duration of the process was modulated to obtain a constant film thickness (2 mm) to permit a better comparison. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the AlN films deposited in the range of 20-100% N , 400 8C, and 6=10 mbar, exhibit y3 2 a columnar structure textured in (002) orientation corresponding to hexagonal wurtzite structure with a c-axis perpendicular to the surface. In regard to XRD and electrical characterizations, the optimum film properties are obtained in the range of 60-80% N concentration. The higher peak intensity of (002) AlN diffraction and the higher resistivity are obtained for the AlN films 2 synthesized with 75% N. AFM analysis of AlN films demonstrate a low roughness at approximately 3 nm. The SAW device 2 (filter) was formed by development of interdigital transducers of 32 mm wavelength on the AlNySi structure by photolithography. The frequency response shows a center frequency of 158 MHz corresponding to a phase velocity of 5055 mys. This value is almost constant for all samples performed at optimum conditions. However, the insertion loss of device seems varies with N2 percentage and the low attenuation is obtained with 70% of N. This study is extrapolated on a sapphire substrate, and a phase 2 velocity of 5536 mys is recorded showing the effect of substrate to increase the center frequency of SAW devices. � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of nitrogen concentration on plasma reactivity and diamond growth in a H2CH4N2 microwave discharge

Abstract The effect of nitrogen on the growth of diamond by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition, when added in a H2CH4 gas mixture was investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. A clear improvement in the surface morphology and quality of the diamond films indicates the beneficial effect of adding nitrogen to the gas mixture. The concomitant study of plasma parameters and diamond films properties leads to a better understanding of the effect of nitrogen in the diamond growth process and to the determination of optimal concentrations of nitrogen and methane in the mixture. We report in this paper the effect of varying the concentration of nitrogen introduced in different H2CH4 mixtures. The plasma reactivity is studied by optical emission spectroscopy during diamond film growth, and we focus our experiments on the variation of the emission line of the CH and CN radicals. These species can be considered as key species to explain reactions of the nitrogen in the gaseous phase and its interaction with the surface of the film in growth.

Deposition of aluminium nitride film by magnetron sputtering for diamond-based surface acoustic wave applications

Diamond/piezoelectric material thin film layered structures are expected to be applied to high frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices because of the high acoustic wave velocity of diamond. Aluminium nitride (AlN) has been chosen as piezoelectric material because of its both high phase velocity and high resistivity. AIN thin films have been deposited by DC pulsed magnetron sputtering on Si(100) substrates. Texture and structure of the films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, cross-section and in-plane view scanning electronic microscopy observation, and atomic force microscopy. One-micron thick, smooth and (002) oriented AlN films have been successfully deposited on freestanding chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond layers. The surface acoustic wave characteristics of AlN/diamond structure were investigated.

GRADIENT OF THE MECHANICAL MODULUS IN GLASS–EPOXY–METAL JOINTS AS MEASURED BY BRILLOUIN MICROSCOPY

The newly developed Brillouin microscopy is used for the first time to measure in situ the longitudinal elastic stiffness coefficient in the GHz-range inside of glass–epoxy–metal joints as a function of distance from the substrates. Interphases with a local variation of mechanical properties are quantitatively characterized. These interphases possess unexpected widths of tens to hundreds of microns. Inside the interphases, the spatial variation of the longitudinal stiffness coefficient depends on the type of substrate, on the curing conditions for the epoxy and probably on the distribution of internal stresses. The obtained spatial mechanical profiles provide valuable insight into the morphology-driven mechanics of the interphase, but additional information is needed for a full understanding of their physical and chemical origin. The presented results prove the sensitivity of the Brillouin microscopy; the elastic stiffness coefficients are detected with an accuracy in the subpercentage range. The spatial resolution is better than 10 µm.

Modelling of SAW filter based on ZnO/diamond/Si layered structure including velocity dispersion

Abstract A simulator based on the coupling of mode (COM) theory, previously developed for modelling the bulk substrate surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, was modified to be adapted for layered structures. The frequency response of ZnO/diamond/Si SAW filter was calculated and the results were compared with experimental ones extracted from the literature. A good agreement is obtained for the frequencies within and close to the pass-band of the filter. Outside of this pass-band, the experimental frequency response exhibits an asymmetry, which is not reproduced by the simulation. This asymmetry is attributed to the dispersion, as a function of frequency, of SAW velocity (VP) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (K2), which cannot be neglected in the case of layered structures. In the original program developed for bulk structures, K2 and V were assumed to be constant. To take into account the effect of dispersion, the program was modified by the introduction of a dispersive model. The confrontation between the results obtained by simulation, including the dispersive model, and by experimental measurements shows a good agreement.

Sezawa mode SAW pressure sensors based on ZnO/Si structure

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been shown to be suitable for many sensor applications. One of these applications is pressure sensor. In this study we investigate the performance of SAW pressure sensors formed with ZnO/Si(001) structure. The pressure sensitivities of Rayleigh mode as well as the Sezawa mode are studied as a function of normalized thickness (kh=2/spl pi/h/sub ZnO///spl lambda/). The experimental results show an opposite strain effect in the ZnO layer and Si substrate. A theoretical approach based on the perturbation method has been developed for the evaluation of pressure sensitivity in the Sezawa mode. Experimental and theoretical results obtained for the ZnO/Si SAW sensor prepared with kh=1.18 are in good agreement. For kh/spl les/1.2, the ZnO contribution to the sensor sensitivity can be neglected in the Sezawa mode in which ZnO acts mainly as an electromechanical conversion layer.