P. Bartholomeus

Modeling and Characterizing Supercapacitors Using an Online Method

In this paper, different modeling approaches representing the behavior of supercapacitors are presented. A hybrid modeling approach is developed to improve the characterization of classical supercapacitor models proposed in the literature. This approach uses various representations (frequency and temporal results) of the same cycling test to extract easily and with a good precision the parameters of the models. Then, it is applied for studying the ageing of this component, which mainly depends on the temperature and cycling process.

Li-Ion Battery Emulator for Electric Vehicle Applications

The Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly used like an energy storage system for electric vehicles. This kind of batteries exhibits many advantages such as high energy density, no memory effect, high operation voltage, etc. . . On the other hand, the cost of this battery is higher compared to the other technologies and needs a good management using a battery management system (BMS). For that, the emulation of this component can decrease the development cost. In this paper a particular battery emulator based on power electronics device with an improved battery model will be presented. The developed system allows user to test the electrical vehicle at various battery behavior or ambient conditions. The advantage of this system is their ability to vary the internal parameters of the battery and also the creation of a default safely. The experimental results obtained with a dSPACE 1104 controller board show a well performance of the battery emulator and confirm the feasibility of our system.

Influence of the management strategies on the sizing of hybrid supply composed with battery and supercapacitor

The use of hybrid sources in the field of electronic vehicles becomes very interesting solution to reduce the weight of the source. The asked question using this kind of sources is how we should manage the power and the energy between the two hybrid components in order to ensure an optimal sizing of the source in terms of weight, volume, autonomy, and aging?. This article presents the sizing of hybrids sources composed with battery and supercapacitor packs. In this study, two management strategies are tested: limitation of power strategy, and filtering strategy. The obtained results with the two strategies will be compared in order to know which strategy allows to reduce the size of the source.

Voltage sharing in supercapacitor modules : experimental study

The aim of this work is a behavioral study of the supercapacitors modules under conditions similar to an industrial application. In this article, the test bench used to study this problem is presented with its main characteristics. Then a cycling process is proposed and results are presented. These results show the great dependence between the temperature of each element and the voltage dispersion.

Battery charger with high quality input waveforms

A 3 kW monophase battery charger with high quality input waveforms and galvanic insulation is presented. This device associates two different power converters, using the qualities of each commutation mode (PWM and resonance) at their best. Thanks to multilevel techniques, the current absorbed by the first power converter contains less harmonics than usual. Moreover, the very simple mode of association of the two power converters allows for simplified control of the device. This paper presents the definition of the constraints, the separate studies of the different elements of the charger, and then a modelling of the whole device. Finally, experimental results validate the model.

Optimal architecture of the hybrid source (battery/supercapacitor) supplying an electric vehicle according to the required autonomy

The association of more than one storage system to ensure the supplying of the hybrid and electric vehicle became more and more useful by the cars manufacturers. The asked question in this case is the optimal amount of the deferent energy sources to ensure the mission with the best lifetime. The first parameter witch influence the architecture of the hybrid storage system is the required autonomy. This paper deals with the choice of the architecture and the sizing of the hybrid source composed with battery and supercapacitor packs according to the desired autonomy. In this case, two technologies of Li-ion battery (power and energetic technologies) are associated with the supercapacitor. The obtained result about the size and the ageing of the source will be compared to that obtained using only power technology of Li-ion battery to supply the vehicle.

Using of aqueous or organic supercapacitor technology in hybrid and electric vehicle

For hybrid and electric vehicle, high powers are needed for the acceleration, startup and recovery phases. For that, the chosen storage system must insure these high powers. The supercapacitors are powerful storage systems, which can reach more than 4,3kW/kg of specific power, and very high lifetime compared to the other storage components. Until 1957 five generations of supercapacitors are developed by the researcher in the entire world. The deference between these generations depends to the materials used for the electrode and/or the type of electrolyte solution. The use of deferent materials influences directly the behavior of the technology in term of specific power, specific energy, maximum voltage, maximum current and the lifetime. Currently, the manufacturer uses in 90% of the cases the technology with carbon electrodes and acetonitrile like electrolyte. This technology has a high specific energy and good lifetime. On the other hand, this technology is toxic and cheaper compared to the other ones. The aqueous technology can give us the solution for this problem, because of the no-toxicity of the electrolyte and the very high power of this component. Unfortunately, this technology has low specific energy because of the voltage limitation (maximum 1V). This paper deals with the comparison between the two technologies of supercapacitors (carbon electrode + organic electrolyte and carbon electrode + aqueous electrolyte). The characterization and the variation of the ageing of the two technologies according to the number of cycles will be presented.