P. Grafström

A measurement of the phases of the CP-violating amplitudes in K0→2π decays and a test of CPT invariance

Abstract The phases of the CP-violating amplitudes in K0→π+π− and K0→2π0 decays, φ+−=46.9°±2.2° and φ00=47.1°±2.8°, have been measured in the same experiment, and a direct comparison gives the phase difference φ00−φ+−=0.2°±2.9°. This result leads to an upper limit on possible CPT violation in the K0 mass matrix, of |(m K 0 −m K 0 )/m K 0 | −18 at the 95% confidence level and is the most stringent test of the equality of particle and antiparticle masses.

Channeling of high-energy particles in bent crystals - Experiments at the CERN SPS

Abstract During the latest decade, experiments have been performed at the CERN SPS to investigate the use of high-energy channeled nuclei in bent crystals for extraction, beam splitting and beam bending. An understanding of channeling in a bent crystal with extraction and deflection efficiencies for different energies, crystal types and ions has been developed. Furthermore, the long-standing question of radiation damage has been addressed with encouraging outcome. This makes extrapolations possible for the construction of, e.g., an extraction device for the LHC at CERN, RHIC at Brookhaven or new splitting elements in high-energy beams.We present the main results obtained and discuss existing and future applications of bent crystals in high-energy physics.

A Novel application of bent crystal channeling to the production of simultaneous particle beams

Abstract Channeling of a 450 GeV/c proton beam through a bent silicon crystal has found a novel application to the production of simultaneous particle beams. A pair of simultaneous, nearly-collinear beams of long- and short-lived neutral kaons has thereby been derived. These beams form an integral part of an experiment, NA48, at CERN, designed to measure the CP-violation parameter ϵ′ ϵ with high precision.

Observation of the decay KL→π0γγ

Abstract The decay mode K L → π 0 γγ has been observed with a signal of 21 events and an expected background of 1.5±0.9 events. A branching ratio for decays with invariant γγ masses above 280 MeV of (2.1±0.6)×10 −6 is calculated. This result is compared with the values estimated from theoretical models and has implications for the CP conserving contribution to K L → π 0 e + e − decay.

Soft π−p and pp elastic scattering in the energy range 30 to 345 GeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for π − p and pp elastic scattering have been measured at incident momenta ranging from 30 to 345 GeV and in the t range 0.002 (GeV/ c ) 2 ⩽ | t | ⩽ 0.04 (GeV/ c ) 2 . From the analysis of the data, the ratio ϱ ( t = 0) of the real to the imaginary parts of the forward scattering amplitude was determined together with the logarithmic slope b of the diffraction cone. The results on the real parts confirm the validity of the forward dispersion relations at high energies. Using the dispersion relations, it was shown that the experimental data on ϱ π −p( t = 0) require a continuous rise of the total πp cross sections, at least up to the energy of 2000 GeV, thus revealing a close similarity in high-energy behaviour of πp and pp interactions. The results on the slope parameters from this experiment together with the analysis of the available world data demonstrate that the existing experimental data are consistent with the hypothesis of a universal shrinkage of the hadronic diffraction cone at high energies. The value of the asymptotic shrinkage parameter α p ′ was found to be independent of the kind of the incident hadron and of the momentum transfer in the t range | t | ⩽ 0.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 : 2 α p ′ = ± 3 (GeV/ c ) −2 .

Observation of high deflection efficiency and narrow energy loss distributions for 450 GeV protons channeled in a bent silicon crystal

Abstract A 450 GeV proton beam has been deflected by various angles from 1 to 11 mrad using planar channeling in a (111) silicon crystal which was mechanically bent to achieve the desired beam deflection. High deflection efficiencies of up to 50% have been measured, in good agreement with present theoretical estimates. It is shown that bent crystals are also a unique tool for measurements of energy loss and straggling of channeled particles, without any influence from random particles: Selecting protons which are deflected by increasing angles corresponds to decreasing the transverse energy at the crystal entrance. With this technique energy loss and straggling was measured for protons channeled in the wide and narrow (111) planes in silicon for the first time.

Observation of the decay K(L) ---> pi0 gamma gamma

Abstract The decay mode K L → π 0 γγ has been observed with a signal of 21 events and an expected background of 1.5±0.9 events. A branching ratio for decays with invariant γγ masses above 280 MeV of (2.1±0.6)×10 −6 is calculated. This result is compared with the values estimated from theoretical models and has implications for the CP conserving contribution to K L → π 0 e + e − decay.

Luminosity measurement at ATLAS - Development, construction and test of scintillating fibre prototype detectors

We are reporting about a scintillating fibre tracking detector which is proposed for the precise determination of the absolute luminosity of the CERN LHC at interaction point 1 where the ATLAS experiment is located. The detector needs to track protons elastically scattered under mu rad angles in direct vicinity to the LHC beam. It is based on square shaped scintillating plastic fibres read out by multianode photomultiplier tubes and is housed in Roman Pots. We describe the design and construction of prototype detectors and the results of a beam test experiment at DESY. The excellent detector performance established in this test validates the detector design and supports the feasibility of the proposed challenging method of luminosity measurement. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Measurements of the total π-He and p-He cross sections and the slopes of the forward diffraction peak at energies from 50 to 300 GeV

Differential cross sections for elastic scattering of pions and protons on helium have been measured at incident momenta ranging from 50 to 300 GeV/c in the t-range 0.008 < | < | < 0.05 (GeV/c)2. Both recoil α-particles and forward particles were detected in this experiment. The experimental method provided an absolute normalization of the cross sections with an estimated precision of 1%. From the analysis of the data, the diffraction slope parameters and total cross sections have been obtained. The results are compared with Glauber model calculations.

NEW RESULTS FROM THE CERN-SPS BEAM DEFLECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH BENT CRYSTALS

Abstract Results from five distinct bending experiments performed recently in the H8 beam at CERN are presented. Firstly, deflection of a positive pion beam at 200 GeV/c is compared to the “standard” 450-GeV/c proton beam for a bending angle of 3.1 mrad along the (111) plane in a 50 mm silicon crystal. Second, deflection of negative pions at 200 GeV/c is investigated for the same crystal, for incidence along the (111) plane as well as the 〈110〉 axis. Small deflection effects are seen, but no negative particles are bent through the full bending angle of the crystal. Third, the first results from beam deflection at high energy using a germanium crystal are shown. Slightly higher deflection efficiencies than for silicon are seen for large bending angles, but significantly smaller than expected for such a crystal with higher atomic number. Fourth, deflection efficiencies using a strongly irradiated silicon crystal have been measured for the first time, and a small reduction in efficiency is seen in the irradiated region. Finally, deflection of positive particles using axial alignment of a bent silicon crystal has been investigated at 450 GeV/c. Qualitatively similar behaviour as in previous experiments at 12 GeV/c is seen; the beam splits into several beams corresponding to the different planes, and even weak planes are observed.