P.K. Sen

Energy Policy Act of 2005

This article provides a comprehensive review and describes the impact of the bill on distributed generation, the electricity market, the national electrical grid, and the future of how electricity will be delivered in the United States. The energy policy act of 2005 removes the requirement that utilities purchase power under the condition that the qualifying facility has access to alternative markets. A single IEEE 1547 standard could be applied to any distributed resource interconnection

Benefits of Power Electronic Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems

With the increasing use of distributed energy (DE) systems in industry and its technological advancement, it is becoming more important to understand the integration of these systems with the electric power systems. New markets and benefits for DE applications include the ability to provide ancillary services, improve energy efficiency, enhance power system reliability, and allow customer choice. Advanced power electronic (PE) interfaces will allow DE systems to provide increased functionality through improved power quality and voltage/volt-ampere reactive (VAR) support, increase electrical system compatibility by reducing the fault contributions, and flexibility in operations with various other DE sources, while reducing overall interconnection costs. This paper will examine the system integration issues associated with DE systems and show the benefits of using PE interfaces for such applications.

Advancement of energy storage devices and applications in electrical power system

Overall structure of electrical power system is in the process of changing. For incremental growth, it is moving away from fossil fuel based operations to renewable energy resources that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. At the same time it has to grow to meet the ever increasing need for more energy. These changes bring very unique opportunities and obstacles. Over the past few decades many new and innovative ideas have been explored in the broad area of energy storage. They range in size, capacity and complexity in design. Some of the systems are designed for applications in large scale power and others are performing short term energy storage ride through capabilities for critical manufacturing and technology systems. Energy storage technology has become an enabling technology for renewable energy applications and enhancing power quality in the transmission and distribution power systems. This paper summarizes all the advancements made and provide a composite picture of costs and trends in storage technologies.

An overview of energy storage technologies in electric power systems: What is the future?

Successful operation of electric grid requires continuous real-time balancing of supply and demand including losses. The US grid operates effectively without much storage at present. However, the peak demand and generation facilities are growing at a faster rate in comparison to the transmission facilities. The system has observed some congestion problems. Over the past decade numerous reasons have accelerated the renewable energy applications in the existing grid. However, renewable resources are intermittent and the energy output varies widely during the day. Electricity storage technologies, when properly designed and integrated, can smooth out this variability and allow electricity to be dispatched at a later time. This paper concentrates on the energy storage technologies as a cost-effective technique that can be used in the US to make the grid more efficient, stable and reliable. Classification of energy storage technologies, comparison of various energy storage devices and system requirements are addressed in this paper.

Renewable energy and energy storage systems in rural electrical power systems: Issues, challenges and application guidelines

There is an increasing demand both by legislation and the public for a more secured, reliable and efficient power system using dispatchable and non-dispatchable renewable resources. However, the existing design and operational practice of the electrical power grid does not lend itself easily to the incorporation of non-dispatchable renewable energy resources. Distributive Electrical Energy Storage (DESS) is a key to the development and future of all non-dispatchable renewable energy resources in the electrical power grid. This paper provides an overview, discusses the state-of-the-art status and will introduce how DESS can be used to incorporate non-dispatchable renewable resources into the power grid and also provide additional benefits to the power system.

Optimum Sizing and Placement of Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources in Electric Power Distribution Systems

Concerns with climate change, requirements for the renewable portfolio standards, government incentives, and lowering cost of renewable and distributed energy resources (DERs) are some of the driving forces for the steeper growth in DER installations. DERs are commonly connected near the load in electric power distribution systems and include renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, fossil-fuel-based generation such as microturbines, and other distributed energy storage elements. A novel methodology is developed in this paper that optimizes the sizing and placement of DER on electrical distribution feeders based on both technical and economic considerations and tested on the IEEE 34-bus system.

Dc arc models and incident energy calculations

There are many industrial applications of large-scale dc power systems, but only a limited amount of scientific literature addresses the modeling of dc arcs. Since the early dc-arc research focused on the arc as an illuminant, most of the early data was obtained from low-current dc systems. More recent publications provide a better understanding of the high-current dc arc. The dc-arc models reviewed in this paper cover a wide range of arcing situations and test conditions. Even with the test variations, a comparison of dc-arc resistance equations shows a fair degree of consistency in the formulations. A method for estimating incident energy for a dc arcing fault is developed based on a nonlinear arc resistance. Additional dc-arc testing is needed so that more accurate incident-energy models can be developed for dc arcs.

Estimation of induction motor equivalent circuit parameters from nameplate data

The induction motor equivalent circuit parameters are required for many performance and planning studies involving induction motors. These parameters are typically calculated from standardized motor performance tests, such as the no load, full load, and locked rotor tests. However, standardized test data is not typically available to the end user. Alternatively, the equivalent circuit parameters may be estimated based on published performance data for the motor. This paper presents an iterative method for estimating the induction motor equivalent circuit parameters using only the motor nameplate data.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps and Their Effect on Power Quality and Application Guidelines

The compact florescent lamp (CFL) is becoming an increasingly popular light source for households replacing the commonly used incandescent lamps. CFLs have advantages and disadvantages; among those advantages are cost savings, energy reduction, increased efficacy, and longer life expectancy. Appearance, poor power factor and harmonic impact on distribution systems are some of their disadvantages. This paper discusses the various application issues related to the CFLs.

Ultracapacitors and energy storage: Applications in electrical power system

As the overall structure of how electricity is delivered continues to change, ultracapacitor is considered as a possible energy storage device. Its application considerations range from electronics to large scale power systems. Much of its current uses in large scale applications, however, are focused on transportation needs with hybrid and electric vehicles. Its high specific power and moderate specific energy can be used as an electric flywheel to enhance power quality conditions caused by momentary and temporary interruptions. It can respond almost instantaneously and recharge in seconds. With the advent of power electronics and other materials technology, its capacity and capability as an energy storage device are just starting to be realized. This paper summarizes the research and development status and the applications of such devices in electric power systems.