P.R.J. Hoebink

European development cooperation and the poor.

Preface The Context of Poverty Poverty Reduction Goals and Strategies of the European Development Cooperation Agencies Role and Modes of Intervention of the Development Cooperation Agencies for Poverty Reduction The Approach to Poverty Reduction in Country Programmes Have the Poor Benefited? Evidence of Effectiveness and Impact Good and Bad Approaches: Case Study Evidence Options for Reaching the Poor More Effectively: Some New Thinking Poverty Reduction: Organisation and Management of the European Agencies Conclusion and Suggestions Annexes 1-5 References Indexes

European Development Cooperation : In Between the Local and the Global

Table of Contents - 6 Some Recent Developments in European International and Development Cooperation - 8 Part 1. The Hotly Debated Issues - 24 Part 2. New Insights on Old Instruments - 94 Part 3. The New Emerging European Donors - 174 Part 4. From the Global to the Local - 260 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations - 322 About the authors - 326 Index - 330

The Humanitarianisation of the Foreign Aid Programme in the Netherlands

Although internationally regarded as a humanitarian aid donor, the central thesis of this article is that The Netherlands has only very recently earned the reputation of being a generous donor. This article traces the emergence of an aid policy in the 1960s and discusses the ways in which the interests of Dutch trade and industry and the Ministry of Economic Affairs played a prominent role in its formulation. Subsequent official policy pronouncements would seem to point to three further turning points in the history of Dutch development aid. However, the article questions the depth of these changes. While the Dutch aid programme has become less influenced by commercial considerations, it is argued that the shifts observed in the 1970s and 1980s are more at the level of discourse than actual changes in policy.

Coffee certification in East Africa : impact on farms, families and cooperatives

Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a promising strategy for improving the position of smallholder farmers in the market. After the launch of the first Fairtrade label in 1988, several other standards have been promoted either by voluntary agencies (Utz-certified) or by private coffee companies. Each coffee label relies on different strategies for enhancing sustainable production and responsible trade.Coffee certification in East Africa is of a rather recent nature but has been rapidly expanding, representing currently 26 percent of the worlds sustainable certified coffee supply. Marketing channels, cooperative organisation and household structures show notable differences between Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Empirical studies on the effects of standards for smallholders are scarce.This book intends to deepen our understanding on the role and functions of coffee certification regimes, based on three innovative approaches: (1) longitudinal field survey data capturing changes in coffee farming systems and effects on household welfare; (2) in-depth interviews and behavioural experiments regarding risk attitudes, trust and investments at cooperative level; and (3) detailed discourse analyses regarding gender roles and female bargaining power within coffee households. The chapters included in this book provide new and original evidence about the impact of coffee certification based on large-scale field surveys and in-depth interviews.

From Favoritism via Abundance to Austerity—NGDO-government Relations in the Netherlands

In the relationship between the Dutch government and non-governmental development cooperation in the Netherlands, a few years stand out: 1965 (when large-scale government funding for Dutch non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs) started); 1980 (the introduction of core funding for Dutch NGDOs); 1999 (the opening up of the cofinancing system to a wider range of Dutch NGDOs); 2003 (the first step in restructuring the funding of NGDOs with the introduction of major new grant schemes); 2006–2007 (the next step in the restructuring, with the merger of the two most important schemes); 2008 (with a more polarized political debate on the future of NGDO funding in the Netherlands); and 2011-2013 with cutbacks in government subsidy and announcements of even further reductions from 2016 onwards. This list shows that more changes have been introduced in the grant systems since 2000 than in the thirty-five years before.1

The Chinese Postreform Generation as Caregivers: The Caregiving Intentions Toward Parents and Parents-in-Law of the One-Child Generation:

The problem of population aging in China has been widely documented. As a result of decreasing birth rates due to the Chinese one-child policy, birth rates have decreased dramatically, while life expectancy has increased. By 2040, it is expected that 24.6% of the Chinese population will be older than 65 years (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2015), with the majority of the elderly care likely to fall to their, often, singleton children. Little research has been conducted, however, with this future generation of caregivers. This article reports on a mixed-methods study comparing the attitudes of the one-child generation toward the future care of their parents and parents-in-law, in terms of gender, sibling status, and urban/rural providence. It includes the results of 26 in-depth interviews with students aged 18 to 22 years, and a survey among 351 first-year students of a semiprivate university in Zhuhai (China). No differences were found for gender, sibling status, or urban/rural providence for the intention to take care of the own parents in the future, although rural and nonsingleton participants were more likely to mention that they intended to live close to, or with their parents in the future than their urban and singleton counterparts. Concerning the care for future parents-in-law, male students in both the survey and the interviews were significantly less likely to accept responsibility for their care than female students, but no differences were found for urban/rural providence or for sibling status in this respect. Finally, female and rural students were found to be significantly much more likely to want to live in a separate house than their male and urban counterparts.

Putting promises into practice: The New Aid Architecture in Uganda

Via the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action the international donor community has delivered a set of promises on ownership, harmonization and co-ordination. Uganda is an interesting case for assessing progress on Paris Principles and seeing the New Aid Architecture in practice. This article provides a historical overview of the implementation of ‘Paris’ in Uganda from the late 1990s up to 2010, showing that implementation is laggardly and, in more recent years, that earlier progress has been reversed. This is due to donors’ perceptions of Ugandas political structure, and particularly its rampant corruption, and also to different views among donors and their internal adaptability in terms of truly measuring up to the Paris Principles.

Introduction: Coffee certification in East Africa - searching for impact

Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a useful strategy for improving the position of smallholders in the market. It started with the launch of the Fair Trade label in 1988 and was followed by several other standards that are promoted either by voluntary agencies and/or by private coffee companies. The label of Utz certified (first called Utz Kapeh) has been launched in 2002 with the aim to enhance responsible coffee certification by established private companies. In recent years, company coffee labels were established by Starbucks (C.A.F.E. Practices) and Nestle (AAA).1 The 4C Association (originally Common Code for the Coffee Community) provides an entry standard for stakeholders in the coffee sector to address sustainability issues in production and sourcing in a pre-competitive manner.

Chapter 2 The impact of Utz certification on smallholder farmers in Uganda

Sustainability standards like Fair Trade (FT) or Utz certified are widely regarded as a promising way of improving smallholder coffee farmer welfare. As yet, the impact of certification remains poorly understood. The current chapter presents the findings of the study regarding the impact of Utz certification in Uganda.15 The study is based on two waves of data collection carried out in 2009 and 2012 with farmers belonging to two cooperative organisations that received support from the Dutch Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) Solidaridad: Kulika (located in Kamuli district) and Ankole Coffee Processors Ltd. (located in Ibanda district). This study aims to provide a broad comparison between farmers and their organisations selling Utz certified or conventional coffee. In line with this objective, the guiding research question is: What is the impact of Utz involvement at producer and producer organisation level?

From plains and mountains: comparing European private aid and government support for private aid organizations

The chapters in this volume have brought us an interesting geography of private aid and private aid organizations in Europe, as well as support from European governments for these organizations. In this last chapter, we draw a set of conclusions on the differences in organizational landscapes and in government support for private aid organizations. To expand our conclusions and not to miss out some of the largest organizations we will also take a closer look at private aid organizations in some other European countries, notably the United Kingdom and Germany.