P. T. Dharmawijaya

Post combustion CO2 capture using zeolite membrane

Carbon dioxide emission is the major cause of global warming. It is believed that reducing carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion is the most effective way to prevent global warming. Membrane separation using zeolites offers energy efficient way to capture CO2 compared to conventional separation techniques such as amine absorption. In general, flue gas has high temperature and mainly consisting nitrogen, water, CO2 and traces of other compounds. These compounds have similar kinetic diameter thus simple Knudsen diffusion cannot separate CO2 from flue gas mixture. Zeolite is beneficial to post-combustion CO2 capture not only because it can withstand high temperature but also because of its unique sorption-diffusion separation mechanism. However, zeolite membrane faced a challenge to make it easier to fabricate. Relatively high zeolite price is also a significant hurdle to broaden its application. In order to relieve this problem, a lot of modifications have been performed. Zeolite modification ...

Dyes removal from textile wastewater using graphene based nanofiltration

Wastewater produced from textile industry is having more strict regulation. The major pollutant of wastewater from textile industry is Dyes. Dyes have several harsh properties i.e toxic, volatile, complexing easily with mineral ions that are dissolved in water (decreasing the amount of important mineral ions in water), and hard to disintegrate, therefore it must be removed from the waste stream. There are several methods and mechanisms to remove dyes such as chemical and physical sorption, evaporation, biological degradation, and photocatalytic system that can be applied to the waste stream. Membrane-based separation technology has been introduced in dyes removal treatment and is well known for its advantages (flexibility, mild operating condition, insensitive to toxic pollutant). Graphene and its derivatives are novel materials which have special properties due to its ultrathin layer and nanometer-size pores. Thus, the materials are very light yet strong. Moreover, it has low cost and easy to fabricate. Recently, the application of graphene and its derivatives in nanofiltration membrane processes is being widely explored. This review investigates the potentials of graphene based membrane in dyes removal processes. The operating conditions, dyes removal effectiveness, and the drawbacks of the process are the main focus in this paper.Wastewater produced from textile industry is having more strict regulation. The major pollutant of wastewater from textile industry is Dyes. Dyes have several harsh properties i.e toxic, volatile, complexing easily with mineral ions that are dissolved in water (decreasing the amount of important mineral ions in water), and hard to disintegrate, therefore it must be removed from the waste stream. There are several methods and mechanisms to remove dyes such as chemical and physical sorption, evaporation, biological degradation, and photocatalytic system that can be applied to the waste stream. Membrane-based separation technology has been introduced in dyes removal treatment and is well known for its advantages (flexibility, mild operating condition, insensitive to toxic pollutant). Graphene and its derivatives are novel materials which have special properties due to its ultrathin layer and nanometer-size pores. Thus, the materials are very light yet strong. Moreover, it has low cost and easy to fabricate. ...

Supported ionic liquid membrane in membrane reactor

Membrane reactor is a device that integrates membrane based separation and (catalytic) chemical reaction vessel in a single device. Ionic liquids, considered to be a relatively recent magical chemical due to their unique properties, have a large variety of applications in all areas of chemical industries. Moreover, the ionic liquid can be used as membrane separation layer and/or catalytically active site. This paper will review utilization of ionic liquid in membrane reactor related applications especially Fischer-Tropsch, hydrogenation, and dehydrogenation reaction. This paper also reviews about the capability of ionic liquid in equilibrium reaction that produces CO2 product so that the reaction will move towards the product. Water gas shift reaction in ammonia production also direct Dimethyl Ether (DME) synthesis that produces CO2 product will be discussed. Based on a review of numerous articles on supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) indicate that ionic liquids have the potential to support the proce...

Rare earth element enrichment using membrane based solvent extraction

The chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of rare earth elements are required in broad applications. Rare earth elements have similar physical and chemical properties thus it is difficult to separate one from each other. Rare earth element is relatively abundant in earth’s crust but rarely occur in high concentrated deposits. Traditionally, ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have been developed to separate and purify single rare earth solutions or compounds. Recently, membrane starts to gain attention for rare earth separation by combining membrane and proven technologies such as solvent extraction. Membrane-based process offers selective, reliable, energy efficient and easy to scale up separation. During membrane-based separation process, one phase passes through membrane pores while the other phase is rejected. There is no direct mixing of two phases thus the solvent loss is very low. Membrane can also lower solvent physical properties requirement (viscosity, dens...

Solvent extraction of gold using ionic liquid based process

In decades, many research and mineral processing industries are using solvent extraction technology for metal ions separation. Solvent extraction technique has been used for the purification of precious metals such as Au and Pd, and base metals such as Cu, Zn and Cd. This process uses organic compounds as solvent. Organic solvents have some undesired properties i.e. toxic, volatile, excessive used, flammable, difficult to recycle, low reusability, low Au recovery, together with the problems related to the disposal of spent extractants and diluents, even the costs associated with these processes are relatively expensive. Therefore, a lot of research have boosted into the development of safe and environmentally friendly process for Au separation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are the potential alternative for gold extraction because they possess several desirable properties, such as a the ability to expanse temperature process up to 300°C, good solvent properties for a wide range of metal ions, high selectivity, low ...

Recent Advances on Bioethanol Dehydration using Zeolite Membrane

Renewable energy has gained increasing attention throughout the world. Bioethanol has the potential to replace existing fossil fuel usage without much modification in existing facilities. Bioethanol which generally produced from fermentation route produces low ethanol concentration. However, fuel grade ethanol requires low water content to avoid engine stall. Dehydration process has been increasingly important in fuel grade ethanol production. Among all dehydration processes, pervaporation is considered as the most promising technology. Zeolite possesses high potential in pervaporation of bioethanol into fuel grade ethanol. Zeolite membrane can either remove organic (ethanol) from aqueous mixture or water from the mixture, depending on the framework used. Hydrophilic zeolite membrane, e.g. LTA, can easily remove water from the mixture leaving high ethanol concentration. On the other hand, hydrophobic zeolite membrane, e.g. silicate-1, can remove ethanol from aqueous solution. This review presents the concept of bioethanol dehydration using zeolite membrane. Special attention is given to the performance of selected pathway related to framework selection.

Simulation of Water Gas Shift Zeolite Membrane Reactor

The search of alternative energy sources keeps growing from time to time. Various alternatives have been introduced to reduce the use of fossil fuel, including hydrogen. Many pathways can be used to produce hydrogen. Among all of those, the Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is the most common pathway to produce high purity hydrogen. The WGS technique faces a downstream processing challenge due to the removal hydrogen from the product stream itself since it contains a mixture of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and also the excess reactants. An integrated process using zeolite membrane reactor has been introduced to improve the performance of the process by selectively separate the hydrogen whilst boosting the conversion. Furthermore, the zeolite membrane reactor can be further improved via optimizing the process condition. This paper discusses the simulation of Zeolite Membrane Water Gas Shift Reactor (ZMWGSR) with variation of process condition to achieve an optimum performance. The simulation can be simulated into two consecutive mechanisms, the reaction prior to the permeation of gases through the zeolite membrane. This paper is focused on the optimization of the process parameters (e.g. temperature, initial concentration) and also membrane properties (e.g. pore size) to achieve an optimum product specification (concentration, purity).

Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using in-situ selective layer

Hydrogen peroxide is used in broad range of application such as oxidation, bleaching, and wastewater treatment. Conventionally, hydrogen peroxide is synthesized using reduction oxidation cycle of anthraquinones from hydrogen and oxygen. This process is rather complex and requires considerable amount of energy. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is one attractive approach to said problems. However, activity and selectivity is the main problem of direct synthesis since the reactants form explosive mixture. Dilution of gasses is commonly used to solve said problem but limit the amount of reactants in the liquid solvent. Membrane reactor can separate pure reactant gases and also constantly feed them over the length of reaction channel. Pd-Ag alloy membrane can be used both as a catalyst and hydrogen dosage. There are some studies that investigate the use of Pd based membrane reactor but still no commercial application. This paper will bring basic concept of Pd based membrane reactor for direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Special attention will be given to current hurdles and their possible solutions that lead to facile production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, recent trends towards utilization of micro reactor will also be discussed.Hydrogen peroxide is used in broad range of application such as oxidation, bleaching, and wastewater treatment. Conventionally, hydrogen peroxide is synthesized using reduction oxidation cycle of anthraquinones from hydrogen and oxygen. This process is rather complex and requires considerable amount of energy. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is one attractive approach to said problems. However, activity and selectivity is the main problem of direct synthesis since the reactants form explosive mixture. Dilution of gasses is commonly used to solve said problem but limit the amount of reactants in the liquid solvent. Membrane reactor can separate pure reactant gases and also constantly feed them over the length of reaction channel. Pd-Ag alloy membrane can be used both as a catalyst and hydrogen dosage. There are some studies that investigate the use of Pd based membrane reactor but still no commercial application. This paper will bring basic concept of Pd based membrane reactor for direct synthesis of...

Current progress on zeolite membrane reactor for CO2 hydrogenation

Carbon capture and storage via catalytic hydrogenation into methanol have been recognized as the most promising solution to not only global warming issue but also high fuel and methanol demand worldwide. However, methanol synthesis from CO2 involves equilibrium limited reaction that can be optimized using membrane reactor (MR). Among all selective membrane layer, the zeolite is the most promising material because it can selectively remove water and methanol from reaction mixture component, especially H2. To present a clear background of zeolite membrane reactor, this paper will bring the brief discussion on the recent progress towards utilization of zeolite membrane reactor for CO2 hydrogenation. The progress of selective layer used in said MR will be examined in detail. Critical issues related to zeolite membrane reactor will also be discussed to develop it further.

Recent advances on Zeolite modification for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs)

The increase of energy demand and global warming issues has driven studies of alternative energy sources. The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can be an alternative energy source by (partially) replacing the use of fossil fuel which is in line with the green technology concept. However, the usage of hydrogen as a fuel has several disadvantages mainly transportation and storage related to its safety aspects. Recently, alcohol has gained attention as an energy source for fuel cell application, namely direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC). Among alcohols, high-mass energy density methanol and ethanol are widely used as direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC), respectively. Currently, the performance of DMFC is still rudimentary. Furthermore, the use of ethanol gives some additional privileges such as non-toxic property, renewable, ease of production in great quantity by the fermentation of sugar-containing raw materials. Direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC) still has weakness ...