P. W. Daniels

The Internationalisation of Advertising

World expenditure on advertising has grown faster than world gross product in recent years. Organisational structure is highly dichotomised between small and large firms: the latter have engaged in restructuring into major transnational networks co-ordinated by holding companies. This is the most effective way to service multinational clients which have globalised product development but sell locally. But trade in advertising services is restricted by barriers to market access, national treatment and the opportunities created by global agreements such as the GATS. Technology may, however, be a more important influence on the internationalisation of agenceis than trade liberalisation.

Producer Services and the Post-industrial Space Economy

The shift from an industrial to a post-industrial or post-affluent (Gappert, 1982) economic system is now well under way in Britain. While there remains a great deal to evaluate in detail, it is generally recognised that advanced economic systems, such as that of Britain, are undergoing some fundamental changes. Relative to the evolution of agricultural to manufacturing-based economies over the last 200 years the recent changes are rapid; they have only been manifest during the last 20–25 years. But the events are perhaps best characterised as a transition which has not been readily recognised by academic, central government and other observers whose perception of an economic system founded upon manufacturing industry has exerted an inertia which is out of proportion to its contemporary significance.

Business Service Offices in British Provincial Cities: Location and Control

There are only a few studies of business service activities and most have concentrated on the behaviour of these activities in large cities. By taking a wider cross section of urban areas, this study explores some possible sources of variation in the role of business services in local economies with particular reference to the location and control of these services. Low-growth cities with a large proportion of their business services under external control show a limited amount of new-firm formation since indigenous firms are outnumbered by about two to one. Nonindigenous firms are significantly more likely to set up new branches or to relocate existing ones. The ratio of indigenous to nonindigenous business services in each urban area is significant for the location, status, function, and other changes reported by establishments. Many of these changes are a response to market adjustment or a need to ‘colonize’ new areas. The types of change, particularly of location, are also significantly related to office function. Provincial business services have shown a propensity to expand their employment, but this may only reflect the general trend since 1975. The role of London as the location of headquarters controlling provincial business services is far from dominant.

Consultancy services and the urban hierarchy in Western Europe

A cross-national survey of the relationship between the evolving organisation and structure of consultancy service enterprises and the urban hierarchy in Europe has been undertaken. Primate cities in Europe are still the preeminent foci for business services performing strong national and international control. The relationship between markets for consultancy services and the urban hierarchy is complex, but it is possible to suggest a typology of firms on the basis of client characteristics and location. Caution is necessary about assuming that the provision of consultancy services through networks is organised along hierarchical lines that mirror administrative hierarchies.

Service industries and Asia-Pacific cities : new development trajectories

Section 1: Services and Development in the Asia-Pacific-Theory and Context Section 2: Services and Urban Development in the Asia-Pacific: Sectoral Perspectives Section 3: Services and Urban Development in the Asia-Pacific: City Case-Studies. Bibliography. Index

Extending the Boundary of the City of London? The Development of Canary Wharf

The problems associated with the regeneration of Londons Docklands have recently come under intense scrutiny following the collapse of Olympia and York, the developer of Canary Wharf. The authors of this paper attempt to place the development of Canary Wharf in a broader context, relating it to other ‘similar’ projects, the growth of the City of London during the 1980s, and changing demands of office occupiers, and then address the issue of whether its problems could have been anticipated in the light of earlier property development cycles.

The Geography of Services

Noting that, compared to manufacturing, service firms are much more sensitive to such spatial concerns as accessibility and crowding, 12 studies address the extent to which service industries lead the growth in Europes contemporary economy.

Economic development and producer services growth: the APEC experience

This paper explores the idea that in the Asia-Pacific region the relationship between economic growth, industrial transformation and the rise of service industries in general, and producer services in particular, appears to be different to that found in North America or Europe. After an exploration of the context for producer services growth, some simple indices for measuring the relative position of Asia-Pacific producer services in the global context are used to demonstrate that they are apparently less prominent than expected. More robust data, including case studies, are needed to substantiate this preliminary paper. The paper concludes with the elements of an agenda for further research.

A world of services

Abstract It is suggested that services have become a pervasive feature of modern global economic development. This is not as new as it might seem because underestimates and understatements are a long-standing problem for an economic sector that remains inadequately enumerated. There is a better appreciation of the uneven distribution of service activities and there is growing interest amongst geographers in examining the causes and explaining its consequences. The behaviour of service multinationals and the intimate association between information technology and the emerging network of global cities is particularly significant. But, while the world is the stage upon which service enterprises increasingly operate, local opportunities and constraints can increasingly influence the ability of individual locations (cities) to participate fully in the new order.

Office Location in the British Conurbations: Trends and Strategies

Suburbanisation of office employment has been a feature of the changes in British conurbations since 1951. None the less, a crucial role is still seen for the CBDs, especially since decentralisation has been selective, involving mostly routine work. The conurbations outside London, it is argued, should operate mainly a CBD-oriented office strategy, although intra-conurbation movements will continue in London itself. Finally, it is noted that past efforts to shift office employment from London to other regions has not been successful; new techniques more closely geared to the dynamics of office location are needed.