Pamela S. Nadell

Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America

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The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820-1870: An Historiographical Appreciation

When Leon Jick set out to write The Americanization of the Synagogue, historical scholarship on American Jewry, and especially on American Judaism, was largely parochial. Important studies of American Judaism had appeared—Marshall Sklare’s Conservative Judaism (1955), Nathan Glazer’s American Judaism (1957), and Charles Liebman’s Ambivalent American Jew (1973)1 —but these were written by those trained in sociology and political science, not history. As far as the writing of American Jewish history, what then existed was, in Jick’s words, mostly “filiopietistic, institutionally biased, and filled with clichés which were repeated over and over.”2 But 1976 was a good year for American Jewish history. Irving Howe’s World of Our Fathers won the National Book Award in History and became a bestseller. The publication of The Jewish Woman in America revealed American Jewish history engaging the emerging scholarship in women’s studies. And Leon Jick’s Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820–1870 appeared.3 The Americanization of the Synagogue “diverged markedly from the standard themes of American Jewish historiography.”4 Jick shifted its focus by looking at the immigrants who came before the great East

United States steerage legislation: the protection of the emigrants en route to America.

The immigrant experience of travelling to America was fraught with discomfort and often with danger. Legislation regarding minimum standards of comfort and safety by the late nineteenth century related mainly to sailing ships: by this time, most immigrants travelled under steam power. This article charts the concerns and responses of the US government over the conditions of the immigrants en route. Legal decisions, Congress investigations and reports from other interested bodies all played a part in producing legislation to further regulate and improve the passage to America in the period 1880-1924.