Paolo Canuti

Landslides : disaster risk reduction

buku ini membahas berbagai aspek yang diperlukan untuk pengurangan risiko bencana longsor seperti pengamatan observasi dari luar angkasa, perubahan iklim dan ketidakstabilan lereng, tanah longsor yang mengancam lokasi peninggalan dan dampak ekonomi dan sosial pasca tanah longsor.

Landslide Science and Practice

A proposal to supplement existing landslide classifications with a more detailed description of the geomechanical characteristics of the materials to include the effects of “structure”, stress history and initial state has been developed as part of the EC sponsored SafeLand project. This approach provides a valuable insight into and a rational basis for the modelling of the physical mechanisms that govern landslide triggering and subsequent development. The classification, behaviour and modelling of saturated clays and sands is summarized here. The use of advanced strain hardening plasticity models which, where necessary, include progressive damage to the “structure” of the material helps to replicate mechanical weathering, delayed failure and the triggering of flows or slides, depending on the type of material. A numerical example is presented, illustrating the different response of sensitive clays and mechanically overconsolidated clays to rapid erosion or excavation. More details of the proposed geotechnical classification and other numerical examples may be found in Deliverable 1.1 of the SafeLand project.

Cultural Heritage and Landslides: Research for Risk Prevention and Conservation

The impact of natural hazards on our cultural heritage represents an important theme, involving a multi-disciplinary approach. In case of landsliding, engineering geologists can play a key role, through the identification of relationships between soil and structures. This chapter starts from the large perspective of UNESCO Convention (1972), as a bird’s-eye view of the general problem of heritage conservation, arriving at the presentation of a series of case histories from different countries. This varied approaches to the problem of landslides and cultural heritage reflects the multitudes of interests associated with this topics.

The Third World Landslide Forum, Beijing, 2014

The Third World Landslide Forum was held on 2–6 June 2014 at the China National Convention Center, Beijing, China. This article outlines the background and the objectives of the World Landslide Forums and reports on the organized sessions and published books for the Third World Landslide Forum. During this triennial event of ICL, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction and IPL Awards for Success, Varnes Medal, Best paper awards, and others were conferred. Through the examination in the high-level panel discussion on the first day and the roundtable discussion on the final day, 2014 Beijing Declaration “Landslide Risk Mitigation: Toward a Safer Geo-environment” was adopted. It is a document calling to join the planned Sendai partnerships 2015–2024 as a contribution to post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

The Second World Landslide Forum, Rome, 2011 and the Third World Landslide Forum, Beijing, 2014

The Second World Landslide Forum was held at the headquarters of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on 3–9 October 2011 in Rome, Italy. The Third World Landslide Forum (WLF3) is to be held at the China National Convention Center in Beijing, China from 2 to 6 June 2014. This article first outlines the aims and background of the World Landslide Forums, reports on the Second World Landslide Forum in Rome, and then announces the plans for the Third World Landslide Forum in Beijing. Finally, it calls for contributions for the organization of WLF3 and participation in the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and the International Programme on Landslides.

Geo-hydrological hazards

Hazard is one of the components that contribute to the definition of risk induced by natural disasters, and it is defined as the probability that a catastrophic phenomenon may occur in a defined area during a given period of time. Elements at risk include population, properties, buildings, transport infrastructures and economic activities. Vulnerability represents the degree of loss of an element or group of elements at risk, as a consequence of the occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a given intensity. The risk corresponds to the expected value of the loss and can be expressed as the product of three terms: hazard, vulnerability and value of the elements at risk (Varnes and IAEG Commission on Landslides, 1984).

Analisi della suscettibilità da frana a scala di bacino (Bacino del Fiume Arno, Toscana-Umbria, Italia)

This paper presents the methodology adopted and the outcomes obtained in a recent analysis of landslide hazard in the Basin of Arno River (Central Italy), about 9100 km, as part of a project sponsored by the Basin Authority of the Arno River started in the year 2002 and completed in the year 2005. All the required data were recorded in a GIS-database and synthesized in several thematic maps and in a landslide inventory. According to the landslide types prevailing in the study area and the results of statistical analysis, five preparatory factors were selected: slope, lithology, land cover, profile curvature and upslope contributing area, which after GIS-overlay operations generated the basic units for the statistical treatment (Unique Conditions Units). The hazard assessment was extended to landslide-free areas by the application of multivariate statistical methods, implemented in ANN (Artificial Neural Networks). The neural predictors were trained using a selected training set. The neural networks affected by acceptable errors and having a high generalization potential were applied to the total data set, in order to generate prediction values for the susceptibility index for each UCU. Finally, the output values were reclassified in different hazard levels on the basis of threshold criteria and validated by comparison with the inventory map. In average, 81% to 96% of the area affected by instability was correctly classified by the prediction. Moreover, the model shows the occurrence of highly hazardous areas in zones with no mapped landslides, that can indicate possible problems of incompleteness or undersampling of the inventory itself. Key terms: landslide, hazard, artificial neural networks Termini chiave: frane, pericolosità, reti neurali artificiali

Slope Instability Conditions in the Archaeological Site of Tharros (Western Sardinia, Italy)

The archaeological site of Tharros in western Sardinia (Italy), of Phoenician-Punic origin, is exposed to different types of landslide hazard. This paper gives a description of the main geological and geomorphological features of the site with special reference to the impact of slope instability on the archaeological heritage.

In memoriam—Hiroshi Fukuoka (1961–2018)

On June 5, 2018, Hiroshi Fukuoka passed away in a car on the way from the capital of Bhutan BThimphu^ to BPhuntsholing,^ where he was going to exchange an MoU on landslide disaster reduction planning between Niigata University in Japan and the College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan in Phuntsholing in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Earlier that day, Fukuoka had found a landslide near a transmission tower while traveling by car. They stopped and climbed the slope to examine the failure, and upon returning to the vehicle he fell asleep during which time he suffered a heart attack. In an exceptionally kind gesture, the King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, directed his administration to take care of Fukuoka’s family (wife and son) and two staff from Niigata University until their departure to Japan. A group of Buddhist priests prayed for him through the night for four days. His Majesty the King of Bhutan also organized a Buddhist ceremony to pray for Hiroshi in the main temple. Fukuoka’s death in Bhutan was mourned by the people in Bhutan. Hiroshi Fukuoka was born in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan on 24 March 1961. He enrolled in the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University and obtained his diploma in 1984. He originally wished to study Astrophysics in the Faculty of Science but was influenced by the great landslide disasters induced by heavy rainfalls in July 1982 that killed 299 persons in his home town of Nagasaki. Hiroshi Fukuoka soon changed his direction of study when he took a course pertinent to landslides in the Faculty of Science taught by Kyoji Sassa in 1982. From that point onward, he studied landslides during his undergraduate course as well as in his graduate studies. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1992 with his dissertation titled BVariation of the Friction Angle of Granular Materials in the High-Speed High-Stress Ring Shear ApparatusInfluence of Re-orientation, Alignment and Crushing of Grains during Shear.^ Fukuoka was employed as a research associate of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University in 1993 and then promoted to the positions of an associate professor in 1996. He later moved to Niigata University in 2014, as the vice-director and professor of the Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery. He managed the Institute as the director since 2016 and also contributed to the international development of the University as a councilor. Hiroshi Fukuoka edited many books on landslides, Landslides—Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management, Springer Verlag in 2005, Progress in Landslide Science, Springer Verlag in 2007, and BParallel Session^ volume and BPoster Session^ volume of the Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum in 2008. He published 84 peer-reviewed journal papers including Fukuoka, H., Sassa, K., Wang, G. (2007): BInfluence of shear speed and normal stress on the shear behavior and shear zone structure of granular materials in naturally drained ring shear tests.^ Landslides, Vol. 4, No.1, pp.63–74, and more than 230 conference proceedings papers and other research articles.

International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)—The Proposing Organization of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025Open image in new window

The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) was founded in January 2002 during the UNESCO-Kyoto University Joint IGCP symposium “Landslide Risk Mitigation and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage”. It proposed and adopted the Letter of Intent in 2005 during the 2nd UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, adopted the Tokyo Action Plan in 2006, and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 in 2015. This paper describes the history of ICL from preparation to present in a table of the chronology of events since 1987-present including the organization of ICL until 2020 when the Fifth World Landslide Forum will be held in Kyoto, Japan.