Pascale Lacan

Optical and mechanical characterization of evaporated SiO(2) layers. Long-term evolution.

Numerous characterizations were performed on 120-nm thick evaporated SiO(2) layers in order to understand how their features change as a function of deposition conditions and time. Density decreases with increasing deposition pressure. It governs all the layer properties (refractive index, hardness, and stress). In situ stress measurements show that stress can be divided into intrinsic and water-induced components, respectively linked to local density (outside the pores) and porosity. Intrinsic stress increase with decreasing pressure is explained by a diminution of the Si-O-Si bond angle (IR measurements). Long-term evolution is characterized by stress relaxation related to Si-O-Si strained bond hydrolysis.

Molecular-ion-beam-assisted deposition of stable SiOF films

Recently we reported on low refractive index fluorinated silica (SiOF) films obtained by a Molecular Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (MIBAD) process, using a fluorocarbon precursor in an End Hall ion source during evaporation of silica grains. These films were unstable due to moisture absorption and a subsequent chemical reaction, leading to an irreversible change in composition and increase of refractive index. In this paper we investigate an inert gas enhanced MIBAD process, involving the simultaneous use of a fluorocarbon precursor and an inert gas in the ion gun. Ion beam composition was analyzed by energy selective ion mass spectrometry. Addition of inert gas to the fluorocarbon precursor not only increases the total ion current, but also enhances the dissociation of the fluorocarbon precursor into smaller fragments. The films were characterized by ellipsometry, IR transmission spectroscopy and in situ and ex situ stress measurements. Time evolution of film properties was followed for several weeks. For a given fluorocarbon precursor flow rate, refractive index measured directly after deposition increases with increasing inert gas flow rate, while refractive index change with time is reduced. Fluorine content in the films is maximum for low inert gas flow rates, but decreases for higher flow rates to reach approximately the same level as for pure fluorocarbon ion beam. The observed refractive index stabilization for high inert gas flow rates can be explained by a change in film structure rather than film composition, i.e. by reduced film porosity due to high inert gas ion bombardment. With carefully chosen deposition conditions, stable films with low refractive index can be obtained.

Time evolution of SiOF films prepared by evaporation-based deposition

SiOF films were deposited by electron beam evaporation of silica grains under fluorocarbon ion bombardment. Time evolution of these films was characterized by ellipsometry, infrared transmission spectrometry, stress measurements, and secondary neutral mass spectrometry. Films with higher fluorine concentration have lower refractive index just after venting but are less stable.