Patricia M. Johnson

Fat cyclicity, predicted migratory flight ranges, and features of wintering behavior in Pacific Golden-Plovers

Annual cyclicity of body components in wintering Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialisfulva), combined with ecological and behavioral features were variously studied from 1978 through 1987. The primary research site was in Hawaii at the Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS), Oahu. After fall arrival, body weights trended downward for several weeks, possibly in response to the energy required for the behaviors associated with establishing (and reestablishing) residency combined with molting. Major premigratory weight gains began in late March about I month prior to migration. Statistical correlations between body weight and fat content are described. Premigratory dehydration as an adaptation to increase flight range and/or energy stores at the migratory destination was likely. Fat-free dry weights (FFDW) at BAFS were least in the fall and greatest in the spring. For juveniles, this difference relates to overall body growth during the first wintering season. With older birds, it may reflect the environmental conditions at the respective end points of migrationpredictably favorable for southbound migrants, unpredictable for northbound birds. Plovers wintering on Enewetak Atoll and Wake Island had significantly higher FFDWs than the birds at BAFS. Possible factors in this relationship are discussed. The BAFS population contained many territorial birds, and showed high rates of survival and site fidelity over successive years. Juveniles arriving on the wintering grounds for the first time probably experience considerable mortality as they compete with established adults for space and resources. Based on wing lengths, many of the plovers involved in this study were from Alaska breeding grounds. Flyways to the tundra may involve staging areas, but specific information is lacking. Using current formulae, we describe the relationship between body weight and flight range, and provide estimates of the fat required to reach various landfalls.

LONG-TERM STUDY OF APPARENT SURVIVAL IN PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVERS AT A WINTERING GROUND ON OAHU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Abstract We monitored the apparent survival of territorial and nonterritorial Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) for 20 consecutive nonbreeding seasons at a wintering ground within Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS) on the eastern shore of Oahu, Hawaii. Territorial birds were especially site-faithful from season to season, and each surviving individual reoccupied the same territory held in previous seasons. On average, territorial birds were resighted for about twice as many postbanding seasons (4.2) as nonterritorial birds (1.8). Open-population modeling indicated that apparent survival varied by age and territorial status. Our most parsimonious model estimated apparent annual survival rates in territorial plovers as 0.90 for young birds (age determined from retained juvenal primaries) from their first through their second wintering season, and 0.80 for adults over numerous seasons. For nonterritorial plovers, the corresponding values were 0.82 and 0.67, respectively. Despite lower apparent survival in nonterritorial plovers, it remains uncertain whether nonterritoriality actually results in shorter life spans. Some surviving nonterritorial birds may have gone undetected (detection probability of 0.70) because of permanent emigration from the study area. Given strong site-fidelity of territorial birds and the relative certainty of detecting them (probability = 1.0), we regarded the disappearance of a plover from its territory as an indicator of mortality. From last-recorded sightings, we concluded that territorial birds died with about equal frequency during the nonbreeding and breeding seasons. Because the latter is of much shorter duration, time-relative hazards were greatest while birds were away from the wintering grounds. Winter mortality was caused by accidents (collisions with overhead wires and other obstructions), and probable predation by owls. We estimated mean additional life expectancy among territorial plovers at 5.1 years for first-year birds, and 4.5 years for unknown-age adults. The oldest known-age individual was a male that lived 13 years 10 months; in adults of uncertain ages, one male survived to a minimum age of 18 years 10 months, and two females to at least 17 years 10 months. Pacific Golden-Plovers wintering at BAFS, especially territorial birds, demonstrated relatively high rates of apparent survival combined with adaptability for coexistence with humans in an urban environment.

RADIO-TAGGED PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVERS: THE HAWAII–ALASKA LINK, SPRING DESTINATIONS, AND BREEDING SEASON SURVIVAL

Abstract To learn more about mid-Pacific migration, we radio-tagged 40 Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) in spring 1999 on their wintering territories in Hawaii. The birds departed in late April, and with aerial monitoring we relocated 10 of them in Alaska. Seven individuals were in or near the Nushagak River lowlands in southwestern Alaska. Nesting Pacific Golden-Plovers were discovered there in 1994 disjunct from the previously known breeding range. The remaining three radio-tagged birds were found north of Bethel on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta. Our results suggest that breeding is continuous from the Nushagak region west through the uplands north of Bristol Bay to the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta. Thus, plovers wintering in Hawaii apparently nest across a wide area of Alaska. We present a revised Alaska breeding distribution map for the species which differs significantly from AOU Checklist boundaries. The temporary attachment of transmitters (they are shed during summer molting) had no apparent effect on survival within our sample population. Birds that had carried transmitters returned to their winter territories in Hawaii at a rate nearly identical to banded plovers not radio-tagged.

RADIO-TAGGED PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVERS: FURTHER INSIGHT CONCERNING THE HAWAII-ALASKA MIGRATORY LINK

Abstract We radio-tagged 55 Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) in spring 2001–2003 on wintering grounds in Hawaii. Following their northward migration (most birds deserted winter territories in late April), we relocated 15 golden-plovers in three regions of Alaska: Copper River Delta, King Salmon, and Kotzebue. One individual made the transpacific flight from Oahu to the Alaska Peninsula in a minimum time of 70 hr at a minimum flight speed of 56 km/hr. Our findings, together with earlier records, indicate a major Hawaii-Alaska migratory connection for this species, and suggest that plovers wintering on Oahu nest throughout the known Alaska breeding range. Post-breeding, 84% of the sample birds returned to Oahu and reoccupied their previous winter territories.

A new longevity record for the Pacific Golden-Plover

Abstract We monitored a marked Pacific Golden-Plover (Pluvialis fulva) over many seasons on a wintering ground in Hawaii. The bird died at a minimum age of 21 yr 3 mo, thus demonstrating the potential for a long lifespan in some individuals and setting a new longevity record for the species.