Patricia Parker

White-Collar Crime and Punishment: The Class Structure and Legal Sanctioning of Securities Violations

This paper proposes a structural theory of white-collar crime and punishment. The fundamental premise of this theory is that class position, measured in relational rather than more traditional gradational terms, influences white-collar criminal behavior as well as its punishment. Using data collected through interviews with investigators involved in the prosecution of securities violators over a seventeen-year period in Ontario, it is demonstrated that the punishment of white-collar crime is not only a function of class position, but also of the kinds of organized white-collar criminal behavior that certain class positions make possible. This is the first analysis to include data on persons charged under noncriminal as well as criminal statutes, a distinction that proves crucial in understanding the class structure and legal sanctioning of the kind of white-collar crime considered.

Choice and circumstance: Social capital and planful competence in the attainments of immigrant youth

Abstract: Although research finds that foreign-born youth often enjoy greater educational attainments than domestic-horn youth, we do not have a coherent theoretical explanation of why this happens. We operationalize individual and structural factors with measures of planful competence and social capital; both of these independently predict educational attainment, and measures of occupational attainment further indicate that these educational histories may have lifetime effects. Although the data do not provide blanket evidence for a positive effect of youthful immigration on educational attainment, bilingual foreign born students do enjoy a greater likelihood of university attendance than other students, while age at immigration is related to attachment to school and planful competence, which axe key variables in understanding educational and occupational attainment. This paper suggests these students do well because they can draw on the resources of both ethnic and non-ethnic communities; these foreign-born youth may be well-positioned to make competent choices, leading to successful personal outcomes. Resume : Les recherches indiqueat que les jannes nes a letranger connaisseat souvent de plus grandes reussites scolairas que ceux nes au pays, mais il nexiste pas dexplication theorique coherente des causes du phenomene. Nous operatioanalisons les facteurs individuels et stracturels avec une mesure de la competence a planifier et du capital social; pris individuellement, cas deux elements predisent la reussite scolaire; qui plus est, une mesure de la reussite professionnelle semble indiquer une repercussion de cet actif scolaire tout au long de la vie. Bien que les donnees napportent pas la preuve generalisee dun effet positif de limmigration pendant la jeunesse sur la reussite scolaire, on constate deux choses : que les eleves bilingues nes a letranger sont plus susceptibles que les autres daller a l universite; et que lage au moment de limmigration influe sur l attachement lecole et sur la competence a planifier, deux variables cles quand il sagit de comprendre la reussite scolaire et professionnelle. Le present article suggere que, si les elevas en question reussissent, cest parce quils ont la possibilite dexploiter les ressources de la collectivite generale et celles de la communaute ethnique; il se peut que ces jeunes nes a letranger soieat ainsi bien places pour faire des choix competants, dant decoulant des resultats personnels pesitifs. The study of educational attainment has been characterized by two modes of inquiry: the first tends to focus on structural determinants, while the second is a more individual-level examination of the factors differentiating successful students from their less successful counterparts. Much of the research in this area, however, has not integrated these two modes of inquiry, providing a limited perspective on an adolescents journey through the educational system. This article seeks to integrate individual choices and structural determinants in assessing the educational attainment of immigrant youth, thereby recognizing the structures of opportunity in which educational decisions are made (Shanahan, Elder and Miech, 1997). In focussing on agency and structure in determining educational attainment, this study examines the educational histories of immigrant youth in a Canadian suburb. These foreign-born youth are distinct from second generation, Canadian-born children of immigrants. Having immigrated to Canada before reaching adulthood, these youth lie in between first and second generation immigrants (Rumbaut, 1991; Zhou, 1997). However, despite increased evidence suggesting that immigrant-born youth in Canada and the US enjoy high levels of educational attainment (similar to, and often higher than, domestic-born youth), the separation of agency and structure in these analyses has limited the explanatory power of this research. The result is that we do not yet have a coherent theoretical explanation for the educational attainment of immigrant youth (c. …

Principals in Practice: The Importance of Mentorship in the Early Stages of Career Development

In this article we empirically assess the benefits of mentorship across a diverse range of extrinsic and intrinsic career rewards. Using an integrated model, we investigate the ways in which characteristics of the organization, as well as characteristics of both proteges and mentors affect the outcomes of mentoring relationships. Our study includes two samples: new law school graduates and a more seasoned cohort of established lawyers. Our results reveal the unique contributions of career and psychosocial mentor functions to early and established careers, as well as the substantial rewards of informal and multiple mentors to the career paths of professionals.

Rebellion Beyond the Classroom: A Life-Course Capitalization Theory of the Intergenerational Causes of Delinquency

A life-course capitalization theory of intergenerational causes of delinquency proposes that educational disinvestment is a core adolescent source of disadvantage on to which ensuing adult and parenting problems are grafted. This theory is supported by findings from an intergenerational panel study revealing that a prospective parents educational disinvestment as an adolescent, in the form of low educational aspirations and educational underachievement, leads to dropping out of school, teen parenthood, unemployment, and marriage and parenting problems, all of which contribute cumulatively to the intergenerational causation of delinquency among children and adolescents. Main and interactive effects of parental unemployment are apparent in this model, providing a clearer picture of how class is linked to the intergenerational causation of delinquency. Parental self-reported delinquency and police contacts in adolescence do not have intergenerational effects. These null effects may reflect the minor form of commonly reported delinquencies. Rytinas life chances methodology is used to summarize our intergenerational life-course capitalization model.

Atrocity victimization and the costs of economic conflict crimes in the battle for Baghdad and Iraq

Economic conflict crimes are defined in this paper as violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as domestic law, associated with military and political conflict and producing significant monetary as well as other forms of suffering for civilians. Criminologists are well positioned by disciplinary emphasis to document and explain military and political violence resulting in economic conflict crimes. Criminal victimization associated with the US-led invasion of Iraq imposed an enormous toll on civilians. Yet there is little attention by criminologists or others to the profound economic costs to Iraqis, whether through lost property, life, or opportunities. We cautiously estimate that the economic losses for households in the city of Baghdad alone were almost US

Eve, Evening, and the Labor of Reading in Paradise Lost

100 billion, and more than three times this amount for the entire country, with Sunni groups experiencing significantly greater losses than others. So far as we know, our article presents the first estimates of civilian losses from economic conflict crimes that followed the US-led invasion of Iraq. These losses were widespread and systematic, the hallmarks of crimes against humanity.

THE CRIMINOLOGY OF GENOCIDE: THE DEATH AND RAPE OF DARFUR

That day I oft remember, when from sleep I first awaked, and found iiiyself reposed Under a shade on flowers, much wondering where And what I was, whetice thither brought, and how. Not distant far fioni thence a murmuring sound Of waters issued from a cave aiid spread Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved Pure as thc expaise of heaven, I thither went With imcxperi~nced tliouglit, and laid me down On the gieen bank, to look into the clear Siiiooth lake, that to iiie seemed another sky. As I bent down to look, Just opposlte, A shape within the watery gleam appeared Bending to look 011 nie, I started back, It started back, but pleased I soon retuincd, Pleased it ieturned as soon with aiisweiillg looks Of sympathy and love, tlieiL I had fixed Mine eyes till now, and pincd with vain desire, Had not a voice thus warncd nic, What thou seest, What there thou seest fm cicature I S thyself, With thee it came aiid goes: but follow me, And I will bring thee whrre no shadow stays Thy corning, and thy soft embraces, he Whose image thou art, him thou shall ellJoy Insepaiably thine, to him shalt bcai hhltitudcs like tiiysclf, and tlicncc be called Mothei of human law. (IV 449-75) 1