Patrícia Póvoa de Mattos

Chemical and biological evaluation of rejects from the wood industry

Este estudo visa a caracterizacao quimica e a avaliacao da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos obtidos a partir de rejeitos resultantes do beneficiamento de madeiras nobres comercializadas no Parana: Peroba-Rosa (Aspidosperma sp.), Roxinho (Peltogyne sp.), Jatoba (Hymenaea sp.), Curupixa (Micropholis sp.), Itauba (Mezilaurus sp.), Cedrilho (Erisma sp.) e Imbuia-do-Norte (Licaria sp.), cujas identificacoes botânicas basearam-se em estudos anatomicos. Os extratos foram preparados com diversos solventes, analisados por CCD e espectrometria UV/VIS, testando-se contra: Proteus mirabilis ATCC15290, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC9341, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC27853, e Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans e Bacillus cereus isolados da clinica. O extrato etanolico de Peroba-Rosa, contendo alcaloides, apresentou atividade contra P. mirabilis. Os extratos metanolicos do Jatoba, Itauba e Imbuia, contendo fenois, e o extrato de Roxinho obtido com acetato de etila contendo fenois e terpenoides, foram ativos contra K. pneumoniae, M. luteus, E. coli, S. aureus e P. mirabilis. Nenhum dos extratos foi ativo contra P. aeroginosa, S. mutans e E. aerogenes.

CLIMATE-TREE GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS OF Mimosa tenuiflora IN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST, BRAZIL

Mimosa tenuiflora is a native pioneer tree from the Caatinga used commercially as firewood due to its high calorific value. It is deciduous, its trunk does not reach large diameters and it has good regrowth capacity. This study intended to determine the annual increment in diameter of M. tenuiflora and its correlation with rainfall, as basis for fuel wood management. Disks from the stem base of M. tenuiflora trees were collected in 2008 in Sertânia and Serra Talhada, Pernambuco State, from regrowth of trees coppiced in 2003 and in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceara State, from a plantation established in 2002. The trees have well-defined annual growth rings, highly correlated with annual precipitation and are well-suited for dendrochronological investigations. Forest managers must consider the influence of previous drier years in the wood production when predicting fuel wood harvesting. The high growth correlation with the previous years rainfall in regions where the rains start after photoperiodic stimulation indicate the necessity of understanding the growth dynamics of the species under dry forest conditions through additional ecophysiology studies.

Sustainable Forest Management in Rural Southern Brazil: Exploring Participatory Forest Management Planning

Historically, agriculture and livestock farming have been the main drivers of land cover conversion replacing natural forests in tropical and sub-tropical Brazil. The consequences for the landscape are well known: habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and reductions in the quality of environmental services. The intense exploitation of natural forest resources tends to generate immediate, but limited, short-term economic wealth, which is generally very poorly distributed. In the long-term, forest resources are depleted thus reducing the ability of small rural owners to move out of impoverished situations. Therefore, while conversion of forest to agriculture can in some cases improve rural incomes, all too often deforestation leads to impoverishment of both ecosystems and communities. In Brazil, forest displacement in favour of agriculture and livestock has occurred since early in its colonization; in the Southern region – the principal agricultural area – this process took place in the late XIX and XX centuries. In this part of the country, past forestry practices such as clear-cutting and predatory harvesting, combined with social and legal encouragement, produced scenarios in which forested lands are now mostly degraded, not fulfilling their ecologic, social or economic roles in our society. In spite of the challenges that forest management faces in sub-tropical Brazil, some promising experiences and experiments are helping to create an environment receptive to the reintroduction of sustainable forest management (SFM) as a means to enhance economic incomes for rural property. Herein, we explore the obstacles related to the adoption of SFM as an economic alternative and propose technical opportunities for both small and large rural properties by presenting two case studies.

TAXA DE CORTE SUSTENTÁVEL PARA MANEJO DAS FLORESTAS TROPICAIS

There is a large gap in tropical forest management plans regarding to the intensity of logging and cutting rates. So far, it has been defined arbitrarily. This work aims at to define different cutting intensities for groups of tree species with different growth rhythm, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The study used the periodical annual increment, percentual in volume, of 26 species, obtained from permanent plots. The periodic increment percentage in volume for differentiating effect considered 1% difference as threshold. Three levels of logging intensity were identified for the commercial classes: 24.4% for group I, 35.4% for group II, and 42.4% for group III. The total sustainable cutting rate was 11.5m³ha -1 with cut intensity of 37%. The cutting rate calculation procedure is very simple and can be used by forest law and monitoring institutions.

Manejo da estrutura diamétrica remanescente de florestas tropicais

O incremento de uma floresta sob uma exploracao madeireira depende nao apenas do ritmo de crescimento das especies como tambem da distribuicao diametrica remanescente que devera permanecer pos corte. O trabalho avaliou, mediante simulacao, a estrutura diametrica remanescente de um talhao de floresta ombrofila no estado do Amazonas, visando a garantia de ter incremento que recupere a extracao. A simulacao do crescimento da floresta pos-exploracao, respeitando a taxa calculada e a estrutura, permitiram um incremento que pode recuperar o volume comercial inicial durante o ciclo considerado (25 anos). Observouse nas simulacoes que a remocao de todo volume comercial disponivel das especies estudadas impede a recuperacao da floresta no ciclo considerado. Observou-se tambem que as classes diametricas comerciais remanescentes (acima do centro de classe de 45 cm) sao responsaveis por 81 % do incremento necessario para recuperacao do volume comercial removido. Identificou-se um ponto otimo de classe diâmetro a ser mantida na floresta, acima do qual o retorno do volume comercial e nulo. O ponto crucial da recuperacao do volume extraido e o potencial de incremento da estrutura que deve permanecer no compartimento.

Metabolic Scaling Applied to Native Woody Savanna Species in the Pantanal of Nhecolândia

Scaling invariance in living systems emerges from complex interactions of organisms with the physical world. According to the Metabolic Scaling Theory (MST), the way that energy and materials are distributed generally follows an invariant power law scaling with the body mass, independent on the species and the environment. Such generalization has been defined universal or ubiquitous, which is however not broadly accepted. For native woody savanna species in the Nhecolândia landscape, the scaling between trunk diameter and the whole plant body mass as d ~ m 3/8 follows MST prediction. Nevertheless, empirical data and model suggest biomass allocation beyond 50% to branches for trunk diameters above 18 cm, whereas root–trunk ratio does not vary significantly with plant size. The elevated water table explains such biomass allocation by limiting vertical root growth while enhancing branch growth to cope with evapotranspiration. Therefore, empirical deviations from MST scaling exponents of biomass partitioning for these plants can be understood as ecohydrological adaptations to conspicuous physical constraints.

DETERMINAÇÃO DA ÉPOCA DE DESBASTE PELA ANÁLISE DENDROCRONOLÓGICA E MORFOMÉTRICA DE Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso EM POVOAMENTO NÃO MANEJADO

Commercial plantations of Ocotea porosa available for studying are scarce and therefore should be used as a source of information to establish the potential for management of the species in plantations, even if these evaluations were not been held along the stand development. The recovery of the historical growth of these stands to optimize the management plans is possible by dendrochronology and by the analysis of morphometric and dendrometric data. The aim of this study was to use stand analysis tools, combined with the dendrochronological studies, to recover and to systematize the development of unmanaged stands. The study was conducted in an unmanaged stand of Ocotea porosa , with 44 years old in Rio Negro, PR state, in a UFPR station. Growth inferences recovered by dendrochronology and the competition by the application of methodologies such as slenderness rate and crown cover rate showed consistent results in the analysis of population, indicating the need for a first thinning near 12 years old. Due to the small number of sampled trees, the results do not allow any definitive generalization. However, they are consistent to establish an analysis protocol for unmanaged stands of Ocotea porosa or other species.

Life pattern of urban trees: A growth-modelling approach

Urban afforestation improves life quality in urban centers providing social and environmental benefits. Understanding growth of urban trees exposed to air pollution will support planning, managing and expanding urban areas. This approach intends to determine growth patterns of urban trees to support future urban planning. Non-destructive samples were collected from trees of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in Araucaria city, Parana State, Brazil. Growth rings were related to pollutant concentrations and meteorological series. Growth reduction was observed except in the border areas of the city. Trees established during or after the period of industrialization incentives were most affected by air pollution, indicating that immature plants are more vulnerable. Sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide significantly affected growth of smaller trees. Those greater than 60 cm dbh did not demonstrate significant correlation with any identified pollutant. As the trees established before accentuated urbanization were less affected by air pollution, it is reinforced the importance of preserving remaining urban trees. We suggest that planning urban afforestation should precede industries placing. When urban planning is impossible, new planted trees should not be expected to grow as in free pollution areas, but they will still present satisfactory diameter increment, contributing to improve local urban environment.

Massa específica básica da madeira de Araucaria angustifolia em povoamento superestocado

The aim of this work was to evaluate the radial and longitudinal variations of wood specific gravity in an overstocked stand of Araucaria angustifolia, with 65 years. The stand was located in the National Forest of Açungui, Campo Largo, Parana State, Brazil, with thinning recorded between 1970 and 1980, without subsequent thinnings. We selected three trees for each diameter class: 10-30 cm, 30-50 cm and 50-70 cm. To the longitudinal analysis, we collected discs from seven heights (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of commercial stem and at 1.3 m). The barks were removed and it was obtained opposite wedges until pith and five samples were taken in radial direction from each disk. In general, there was an increase of wood specific gravity in radial direction. The average differed significantly along the stem, with decreasing trend of wood specific gravity in the longitudinal direction. However, average specific gravity at 60% of commercial height was higher than at 40%, than reducing to the top, indicating effect of competition that occurred in the area. The no uniform wood along stem indicates negative effects of the lack of management in the stand. Massa específica básica da madeira de Araucaria angustifolia em povoamento superestocado Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as variações radiais e longitudinais de massa específica básica da madeira em um plantio superestocado com 65 anos de Araucaria angustifolia. O plantio, localizado na Floresta Nacional de Açungui, Campo Largo, PR, foi desbastado entre 1970 e 1980, não havendo registros de desbastes posteriores a essa data. Foram selecionadas três árvores para cada classe de diâmetro: 10-30 cm, 30-50 cm e 50-70 cm. Para a análise longitudinal, foram seccionados discos em sete alturas (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% da altura comercial e a 1,3 m do solo), sendo removidas as cascas e retiradas duas cunhas opostas até a medula e cinco corpos de prova no sentido radial de cada disco. Em geral, na direção radial houve aumento da massa específica. As médias da massa específica diferiram estatisticamente ao longo do fuste, com diminuição da massa específica na direção longitudinal. No entanto, a massa específica média a 60% da altura comercial foi maior do que a 40%, com redução a partir dessa altura em direção ao topo, indicando efeito da competição que ocorreu na área. A desuniformidade da madeira ao longo do fuste é um indicativo dos efeitos negativos da falta de manejo na área.

Management of Amburana cearensis var. acreana in Acre State, Brazil

This work has as its objectives: a) to assess the geographical distribution and population structure of Amburana cearensis var. acreana; b) to calculate sustainable cutting rates, according to stipulated cutting cycles, and c) to simulate the projected recovery potential in volume based on the calculated cutting rate. It was used data from sustainable forest management plans, and the results will contribute for future decisions about its endangered condition. The results did not corroborate the information that Amburana cearensis var. acreana is endangered in Acre state. However the management sustainability will only be feasible if considered the ideal remaining population structure and the estimative of the optimal cutting rate according to the cutting cycle.