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The Journal of Corporate Law Studies | 2011

Intermediary Independence: Auditors, Financial Analysts and Rating Agencies

Patrick C. Leyens

Auditors, financial analysts and rating agencies are the most important specialized information intermediaries in capital markets. Information intermediation serves to increase the credibility of issuer disclosure and overcome investor uncertainty. A certain minimum level of independence is the basic prerequisite for information intermediation to be operative. All intermediaries face similar problems in regard to impairments of their independence. Legal standards on independence should be based on a consistent theory. Common principles carved out under contract law serve as an inventory for developing a market-based model of independence. This paper argues that independence should be understood as a correlative to market access. Independence as a correlative to market access should guide the assessment of convergence and remaining divergence in the independence standards applicable to auditors, financial analysts and rating agencies.


Cambridge Law Journal | 2008

AUDITORS' LIABILITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL MARKETS

Walter Doralt; Alexander Hellgardt; Klaus J. Hopt; Patrick C. Leyens; Markus Roth; Reinhard Zimmermann

Statutory auditors serve as an integral device to safeguard confidence in European financial markets. The market for corporate auditing is highly concentrated. A collapse of one of the top four auditing firms could cause a severe lack in the availability of auditing services. In a 2007 Staff Working Paper the European Commission proposed to reform auditor liability and to protect auditing firms from catastrophic liability claims. This paper analyses the reform options suggested by the European Commission and pleads, in essence, for the following liability rules: 1. The company and its auditor may enter into an agreement limiting the amount of liability of the auditor in respect of any negligence occurring in the course of the audit, subject to approval by the general meeting of the audited company. 2. This limitation may not be set below a fair and reasonable amount. The definition of fair and reasonable should be laid down in a European framework, providing a set of basic criteria, including the sum of fees paid to the auditor and the size of the company. 3. If the amount of liability significantly deviates from what would be fair and reasonable, the court which decides on a damage claim against the auditor declares the agreement void. 4. In the assessment of the validity of the agreement, the court shall take into account the European framework basic criteria to be considered by the parties and additional factors such as auditor independence and the applicability of institutional and individual insurance excesses.


Juristenzeitung | 2007

Corporate Governance: Grundsatzfragen und Forschungsperspektiven

Patrick C. Leyens

Die hoch dynamische Corporate Governance-Debatte baut auf eine innovative Forschungsmethodik aus Rechtsdogmatik, -vergleichung und -okonomik. Zu ihren Grundsatzfragen zahlen die Kernprozesse der Managementuberwachung durch Aufsichtsrat und Board, die Austarierung der Bezugsgruppen des Unternehmens, von Aktionaren, uber Mitbestimmung bis hin zu staatlicher Einflussnahme, die Publizitat und das Ubernahmerecht. Zu ihren ubergreifenden Ertragen fur die Zivilrechtswissenschaft gehort der Ausbau des funktionalen und facherubergreifenden Forschungsansatzes.


Archive | 2008

Informationsintermediäre als Gatekeeper: Rechtsökonomische Überlegungen zu Einer Modernen Intermediärhaftung

Patrick C. Leyens

Gatekeeping — dabei handelt es sich um einen Begriff, der seinen Ursprung in der stark okonomisch gepragten U.S.-amerikanischen Literatur findet. Im Kern beutet Gatekeeping, dass Anbietern uber einen Dritten der Zugang zu einem Markt verschafft oder versagt wird. Die Phanomenologie ist vielfaltig. So ist mit der Verschreibungs- oder Apothekenpflichtigkeit bestimmter Medikamente eine Gatekeeper-Funktion von Arzt oder Apotheker verbunden. Komplexere Funktionen zeigen sich im Bankgeschaft. Aktuell wirft die internationale Bankenkrise (subprime crisis) die Frage auf, welche Prufungspflichten Kreditinstituten vor der Einbeziehung von Darlehensforderungen in moderne Finanzprodukte zukommen sollten. Mit dem Zusammenbruch des zweitgrosten U.S.-Energieversorgers Enron in 2001 ist die hier zu beleuchtende Gatekeeper-Stellung von Informationsintermediaren auf den Kapitalmarkten ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit geruckt.


Archive | 2018

Corporate Social Responsibility in European Union Law: Foundations, Developments, Enforcement

Patrick C. Leyens

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has long entered the corporate governance arena. In the European Union, the CSR Directive of 2014 requires reporting on an array of non-financial aspects from 2017 onwards. The Directive leaves the formulation of CSR policies to the individual corporation but it requires publishing a self-commitment to that policy and obliges the corporation to explain a possible non-compliance. This regulatory technique of ‘comply or explain’ is known from the more general area of corporate governance as a moderate form of harmonisation. Its effects will come over time and they can include changes of the societal role of corporations as well as of directors’ duties.


Chapters | 2012

Corporate Governance in Europe: Foundations, Developments and Perspectives

Patrick C. Leyens

Corporate governance today is an integral part of European Union law. This survey addresses selected legal developments with a view to foundations and perspectives of interdisciplinary research on corporate governance. To start with, the most important institution of internal corporate governance is the board of directors. Ownership structures matter for defining the specific control problems and specific types of investors – especially large or institutional investors – perform different monitoring tasks. The services of information intermediaries – especially auditors, rating agencies and financial analysts – strengthen the monitoring power of capital markets but conflicts of interest and oligopolistic intermediary structures reveal partly unresolved regulatory challenges. Today the European corporate governance debate shows an almost unique openness to the dialogue between law and economics.


Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft | 2008

Reform der Anlegerentschädigung und Einlagensicherung. Empfehlungen aus rechtsökonomischer Perspektive

Patrick C. Leyens; Jochen Bigus

Die Einlagensicherung und die Anlegerentschädigung bieten eine Mindestsicherung für Einleger und Anleger im Falle der Insolvenz eines Finanzdienstleisters. Angesichts erschütternder Insolvenzen bei Wertpapierhandelsunternehmen und der seit 2007 fortdauernden Bankenkrise ist eine Vergewisserung der Leistungsfähigkeit der bestehenden Sicherungsstrukturen und ... soweit möglich ... ihre Optimierung angezeigt. Die Risikosensitivität der solidarischen Finanzierungspflichten der Institute sollte sich dabei als Leitschnur erweisen. Vorgeschlagen werden zudem eine Überlaufregelung, die Neuzuordnung von Instituten mit hervorstechenden Risikoausfallgrößen, eine höhenmäßige Begrenzung der Beitragspflichten, der Abschluss von Vertrauensschadensversicherungen und Verbesserungen beim Prüfungswesen.


Archive | 2010

European Studies in Law and Economics

Patrick C. Leyens; Michael Faure; Luigi Franzoni


European Company and Financial Law Review | 2008

Conflicts of Interest of Financial Intermediaries – Towards a Global Common Core in Conflicts of Interest Regulation –

Christoph Kumpan; Patrick C. Leyens


Archive | 2010

Judicial Control of Standard Terms and European Private Law

Patrick C. Leyens; Hans-Bernd Schäfer

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Markus Roth

Technische Universität Darmstadt

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Michael Faure

Erasmus University Rotterdam

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