Paul E. Sumner

Insect-attracting and antimicrobial properties of antifreeze for monitoring insect pests and natural enemies in stored corn.

Abstract Insect infestations in stored grain cause extensive damage worldwide. Storage insect pests, including the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and their natural enemies [e.g., Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)] inhabit a temporary, but stable ecosystem with constant environmental conditions. The objective of the present experiment was to assess the efficacy of using ethylene glycol antifreeze in combination with nutrient solutions to monitor storage insect pest and natural enemy populations in three bins of corn, Zea mays L. The treatments were deionized water, a diluted (1:5 antifreeze:water) antifreeze solution, 10% honey, 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% beer in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% sucrose in the diluted antifreeze solution, and a commercial pheromone trap suspended in a 3.8-liter container filled with 300-ml of diluted antifreeze solution. The seven treatments captured storage insect pests and their natural enemies in the bins at 33–36°C and 51–55% RH. The pheromone trap in the container with the diluted antifreeze captured significantly more P. interpunctella than the other treatments, but a lower percentage (7.6%) of these captures were females compared with the rest of the treatments (>40% females). All trapping solutions also captured Sitophilus spp. and other beetle species, but the captures of the coleopteran pests were not significantly different among the seven treatments (P > 0.05). Two parasitoid wasps also were captured in the study. The number of A. calandrae was different among the seven treatments (P < 0.05), whereas the number of C. tarsalis was not different among the treatments (P > 0.05). Most A. calandrae adults were captured by the 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze, whereas the fewest were captured in the deionized water. Microbial growth was observed in the 10% honey solution, but no microbial growth occurred in the rest of the treatments, including 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution. The results of insect captures and microbial growth demonstrated that antifreeze could be used as a part of storage insect monitoring and/or control programs.

Non-Chemical Method for Controlling Maize Weevils In Stored Corn In Southeastern United States

The warm, humid climate in the southeastern United States is conducive to costly insect infestations in stored agricultural commodities. The maize weevil is the key pest of stored corn in the southeastern United States. Infestation often occurs in the field prior to harvest. Eggs are laid in kernels and larvae develop inside kernels. The majority of corn harvested in the southeast is not dried mechanically. Corn is normally harvested below 15% and placed in storage. The corn is then dried to 12% by ambient air forced through the grain. The objective of this study was to expose maize weevil contaminated corn to high temperatures and determine the subsequent emergence of adult weevils from that corn. Secondly expose high moisture harvested corn to continuous flow drying at various temperature regimes and determine the subsequent emergence of adult weevils.

Measuring Volatile Emissions from Mulch Covered Vegetable Beds

Reducing chloropicrin gas emissions has become a significant concern for the EPA. Buffer zones are being discussed that could reduce the amount of land available to produce commercial vegetables. A study was implemented to determine the amount of chloropicrin released through plastic mulch in commercial vegetable production in the southeastern United States. A method was developed to measure fumigant gases passing through plastic mulches. Various formulations and combinations of chloropicrin fumigants used in commercial vegetable production were evaluated. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and low impermeable films were compared for chloropicrin gas emission. Chloropicrin gas emissions were not impacted by formulation but emissions were reduced 24 to 88% when using a high barrier film compared to LDPE film.