Paul H. Mattingly

Race, Gender, and Equity Policy: The Case of the National Institute of Education.

During the New Deal a new federal bureaucracy emerged as an important and problematic component in the history of policy making. The national emergency of the Depression began a sector-by-sector response to prob? lems beyond the means of states or locales. This new role reversed a longstanding tradition of local initiative and state authority in democratic decision making, a tradition particularly cherished in the history of American pub? lic schools. Setting federal standards and procedures, particularly in areas where local leaders deemed it impolitic to act, produced consequences that some may have deemed necessary but which were not always predictable or desirable. By the 1960s politicians along the ideological spectrum rec? ognized the political advantage of professional assessment and independent research into federal policy making. Particularly in education, so familiar yet so controversial, reliable and accurate knowledge would not only serve

THE MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE

(1977). THE MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE. The Review of Education: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 435-445.