Paul Hockings

Principles of visual anthropology

This edition contains 27 articles, written by scholars and filmmakers who are generally acknowledged as the international authorities in the field, and a new preface by the editor. The book covers ethnographic filming and its relations to the cinema and television; applications of filming to anthropological research, the uses of still photography, archives, and videotape; subdisciplinary applications in ethnography, archeology, bio-anthropology, museology and ethnohistory; and overcoming the funding problems of film production.

Blue mountains : the ethnography and biogeography of a south Indian region

The first general survey in 80 years of the geography and anthropology of the Nilgiris district of south India, this book makes a unique contribution to the growing literature on this region. The contributors, from a variety of disciplines, offer fourteen original studies including the first overview of Nilgir languages, the most recent account of the Kotas, the first archaeological survey of the region since 1873, a detailed biogeographical overview in an anthropological account of south India, and the first sociolinguistic study of a south Indian town.

Socio-Ecological Change Among the Fore of New Guinea [and Comments and Replies]

Historical reconstruction based on contemporary evidence shows that adoption of the sweet potato by the Fore approximately a century ago set in motion a series of events that transformed their institutions and natural surroundings. As the consequences of this act unraveled, the Fore moved to virgin lands, their population increased, the character of the living space they occupied was altered, and they were confronted with new kinds of social and political difficulties. Egalitarian social practices and relatively free social segmentation became important factors in their response and adaptation to the new challenges and opportunities. This indigenous cultural evolution was ultimately interrupted by the arrival of Western man, but it had laid the foundation for the dramatic cultural change which followed. Because the Fore were a small, isolated cultural enclave, it has been easier to select key elements from the complex of ecological, demographic, economic, and sociopolitical factors governing Fore life and to use these elements to develop a dynamic model elucidating the interdependent aspects of their socio-ecological evolution. Much of the evidence has been developed from an aerial photographic survey of the Fore lands.

Where Is the Theory in Visual Anthropology

Is there a real theoretical underpinning for visual anthropology? Or are we just borrowing theoretical concepts, as needed, from other disciplines? Here eight visual anthropologists offer their thoughts on this fundamental question succinctly.

Visual Aspects of Ritual Behavior: The Funeral, for Instance

Ritual is an enactment of key roles and structural divisions, a dramatic commentary on life. Central to it is a foregrounding of two elements, the pure and the impure; to be visibly separated so that the impure can be eliminated and the pure emerge. The funeral is a universal example showing the three stages of the rite of passage: first a liminal or mixed state; then an impure chaotic state; this is finally overcome and replaced by establishing a pure, holy state of the soul and the re-establishment of a social balance. The whole event can be viewed as an object lesson for the young in how their relatives and associates act out their various social roles and thereby make the structure of the society visible.

The Visual Culture Reader

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The Editor Reminisces … in Appreciation of Bronisław Malinowski and Bedside Books

With the completion of this journal’s thirtieth year, the Editor feels that it is time to glance backwards for a few moments (which is what the Cumulative Index does too, in its own way). The fact that it was a hundred years ago when our colleague Jean Rouch was born, while Sir Edward B. Tylor and Émile Durkheim both passed away in 1917, only serves further to validate our pausing for a backward glance. (That was a year when the World War, still at stalemate, was approaching its end, while a grand experiment in socialistic polity and planned economy was being launched across Russia.) And along with Durkheim and Rouch, it is time for us to also remember now among our founding fathers Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski, who both died exactly 75 years ago. I think we should be mindful that, as Edmund Burke once observed, “People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors.” As it was in their day, anthropological knowledge is still very much embedded in books and articles, despite the hundreds of ethnographic films that have been produced. We spend much of our student and professional life hunting down published data. More broadly, each one of us has her (or his) mental list of favorite books—what the French call livres de chevet, “bedside books.” Some are anthropological in their content; many are not. As I have edited about a dozen reference works it will be no surprise that, were I to be shipped off to that semimythical Isle of Cythera, I would want to take several reference works along. But which ones, you might wonder? Three of these would be quirky old dictionaries, not to be found in your average college library (yes, my attention span is not what it was). One is by the Revd. A. Smythe Palmer (1844–1917), a lecturer at Trinity College, Dublin, and an amateur lexicographer and mythographer. He compiled Folk-Etymology. A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions or Words Perverted in Form or Meaning, by False Derivation or Mistaken Analogy [1882]. One section of this curious Irish book deals with hundreds of placenames, including inter alia the Cambridge village of Oakington. Sir Paul Vinogradoff, the great Russian historian, in his study of the Domesday Book (of 1086), glossed this name as “the tun of the Hockings” (and Hockings is an AngloSaxon name meaning, unfortunately, “the sons of pigs”). But in the mid-19th century, according to Palmer, the railway came right through here and its engineers had to put up a name on the local station. So it was they who rendered the local oral version, none defined

Consuming Identities: Lippert, Amy K. DeFalco. Consuming Identities: Visual Culture in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018; xv+400 pp., illus., notes, glossary, sources, index; ISBN 978-0-19-026897-8; hdbd US

The Introduction to this book is well worth reading by visual anthropologists, as it outlines various photographic processes current in the mid-19th century, including printing processes. The author dates the invention of photography to 19 Aug. 1839, a date that shows she is referring to the launching of the daguerreotype in Paris [3]. (It would be more correct to attribute the invention of photography to Joseph Nic ephore Ni epce, who made the first print in 1824, using bitumen.) Many books are available on the “prehistory” of photography, but this gives one a handy synopsis of them in just a few pages; the Glossary also helps. But although photography is a dominant medium throughout Lippert’s new study, the book is more about how imagery from San Francisco in the mid19th century helps us understand how personal identities were formulated in a small but lively town which in that period saw two volcanic perturbations of the nascent society of Californios: the ceding of Upper California to the United States by the Mexican Republic, and the onset of the gold rush. All this happened in one hectic year, 1848, while Europe was engulfed in revolution. In February the Americans won a brief Mexican-American War, over a boundary dispute. They then forced Mexico to cede some 2,450,000 sq. km. of territory for about

34.95.

12 per sq. km. in recompense. The devious Americans managed to keep it a secret for several months that, nine days before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, someone had found gold near Sacramento [9-10]. (The Mexicans were quite unhappy.) “For three months there was little excitement, then a wild rush. Settlements were completely deserted; homes, farms and stores abandoned. Ships deserted by their sailors crowded the bay at San Francisco—there were 500 of them in July 1850; soldiers deserted wholesale, churches were emptied, town councils ceased to sit, merchants, clerks, lawyers and judges and criminals, everybody, flocked to the foothills...” [Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), 5: 19]. A couple of years later the same frenzy was to be replicated in Australia too. Within a few years San Francisco and its large inland bay had become the second most active seaport in the United States (after New York) and by far the busiest one on the Pacific Coast. This local activity was clearly

Visuality in Times Long Past

Visual anthropology is a creation of modern times, in two arenas, research method and cultural analysis. The first pertinent research we are familiar with was Félix Regnault’s photographic experiments in 1895. Before him the subject matter of studies in this subdiscipline only very rarely goes back before the invention of photography around 1827. Of the two hundred or so articles in the first 28 volumes of this journal, only nine deal with earlier subject matter. Paul Lester wrote on the portraiture of Christopher Columbus [5(3–4): 211–227; 7(2): 97–98]; Adam Kendon looked at Andrea De Jorio, a student of gesture from that same period [7(4): 371–390]; Marjorie Akin wrote on a petroglyphic site in southern California [7(4): 331–350]; Brian Shaffer and Karen Gardner studied hunting techniques from depictions on prehistoric Mimbres pottery of the American Southwest [12(1): 1–11]; Edward Ochsenschlager wrote on ethnoarchaeology in Iraq [11(1–2): 103–143], and also collaborated with two others in an analysis of prehistoric pottery shapes [19(3–4): 255–274]; Alibek Kazhgaly uly Malayev analyzed patterns in the Pazyryk burials of the 5th century BCE [20(4): 285–302]. Most recently (2008) Toby Wilkinson wrote on the aerial photography of prehistoric Middle Eastern sites [21(1): 18–38]. It is noticeable that this handful of papers does not include a single article on Classical Mediterranean civilization, although its arts and crafts are still well known to us from vast museum collections and innumerable monumental sites. Most of us who practice visual anthropology today grew up in a European culture or one of its offshoots in Australia, the Americas or South Africa. For us the closest ‘‘other’’ civilization was not perhaps that of American or African tribal people, or Muslim neighbors in the Middle East and North Africa, but rather the Classical Civilization of Greece and Rome that so obviously laid the foundations for subsequent Western Civilization. It provides a panoply of the past that is still displayed in hundreds of European museum collections, in the multitude of extant monuments from Greece and Rome, in the wall paintings of Pompeii and the shops of Herculaneum. For some (like this writer) it all started with the study of Latin at age 5; for others, with school trips to local museums. Like