Paulo Emilio Ferreira da Motta

Análise de componentes principais de atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos de solos do bioma cerrado

Behavior differences between soils of the South-American and Velhas geomorphic surfaces of the Cerrado region, all of them under native vegetation cover, were evaluated by physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterizations, and principal component analyses. According to their sub-region and geomorphic surfaces, the soils were separated in three groups: 1. clayey to very clayey texture, low- and mesoferric; 2. medium to sandy texture, lowferric; 3. clayey to very clayey texture, ferric. Water retention in the surface horizons of the studied soils was positively correlated with the clay and organic carbon contents. Soils of Group 3 showed the greatest amount of exchangeable bases in the surface horizons, which is mainly a consequence of the greater recycling efficiency imposed by the local forest formation when compared to the Cerrado formation (verified in 31 of the 33 soil profiles of Groups 1 and 2). Soils of Group 3, formed from mafic rocks, were the most homogeneous in mineralogical terms, since all profiles were hematitic. In averages, Groups 1 and 2 presented an overlapping mineralogical composition, though Group 1 is more gibbsitic than Group 2. In comparison to the US Soil Taxonomy, the efficacy of the Brazilian Soil Classification System at discriminating the studied soils is higher owing to the use of the ferric character in conjunction with the other attributes both systems have in common. The principal component analysis supported the understanding of the pedologic environment differences and similarities identified in the field.

Frações de fósforo em Latossolos

The objective of this work was to verify if the historical use, phosphorus fertilization, mycorrhizal inoculation and cultivation with brachiaria and soybeans in greenhouse alter P fractions in three Oxisols. P linked to Al (P-Al), Fe (P-Fe), and Ca (P-Ca) were determined. The P fractions were separated with resin, NaHCO3, NaOH, HCl, and digestion with H2SO4 and H2O2. The organic and inorganic fractions were separated by autoclaving. In the cohesive Yellow Latosol (LAx) and acric Red Latosol (LVw), the P-Al, P-Fe, and P-Ca were higher in the cultivated soils, and in the dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf), the P-Al and P-Fe were higher in the noncultivated soils, trends nonaltered by the cultivation with brachiaria and soybeans. P addition elevated mainly the labile inorganic (Pi-resin and Pi-NaHCO3) and the moderately labile (Pi-NaOH) fractions. Soils formerly cultivated presents less P in the organic fractions than the non-cultivated ones. In soils with brachiaria, less P in the less labile fractions and more P in the more labile ones were verified. The effect of mycorrhizae was smaller and less consistent than the cultivation and P application.

Mineralogia, química e estabilidade de agregados do tamanho de silte de solos da Região Sudeste do Brasil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of soil mineralogical and chemical composition with stability of silt-size aggregates. The studies were carried out using samples of A and B horizons of some soils from the Southeast Region of Brazil. Fine-earth samples were dispersed at 12,000 rpm during 20 minutes and the silt fraction was separated through clay fraction drain, constituting the fraction named pseudo-silt, which was sonificated, separating the desegregated clay fraction (by sonication) from the properly named silt fraction. Correlation analyses showed that the soil mineralogical and chemical compositions have marked influence upon clay dispersion, with reflections on the silt fraction. Higher amounts of gibbsite reflect in higher stability of silt-size aggregates, while the kaolinite promotes inverse effect. The Al forms determined on the pseudo-silt fraction are associated with higher difficult of dispersion of clay fraction of soils.

Adsorção e dessorção aniônicas individuais por gibbsita pedogenética

Anion adsorption/desorption dynamics was studied as individual processes on surface of particles of a gibbsitic clay. The data suggest a remarkable gibbsite role as nitrate leaching retardant in soil. The opposite behavior of gibbsite towards adsorption/desorption of silicate and phosphate suggests the need of an adequate compromise solution regarding interval and rate applications of anions in cultivated gibbsitic soils. The high P adsorption verified in pH values lower than that reported for the point of zero charge of synthetic Al-hydroxides implies that this process takes place in pedogenic gibbsites through inner sphere complexation.

Retenção e dessorção competitivas de ânions inorgânicos em gibbsita natural de solo

The objective of this work was to quantify the competitive retention and desorption of nitrate, sulfate, silicate and phosphate anions on gibbsitic clay fraction of a Melanic Gleisol. Samples of clay fraction were shaken in centrifuge tubes with 30 mmolc L-1 NaCl solution containing these anions in quantities equivalent to 30% of the respective maximum adsorption capacity exhibited by clay. For comparative purposes, samples were also shaken with the same solution containing 1 mmolc L-1 of each mentioned anion. The tubes were centrifuged and the anionic concentrations in supernatants were determined. The dessorption was performed by shaking the residual clay fraction in centrifuge tubes with NaCl solution and quantifying the released anions. In another experiment, with the silicon phosphorus previously adsorbed to gibbsite, P and Si were added in the sequence, intercalated for evaluating the capacity of desorpting the previously adsorbed anion. The phosphate was preferentially adsorbed in relation to the other studied anions and the previous silicon application reduced the phosphate fixation. The silicon application previously to phosphate favours the bioavailability of P in highly weathered soils.

Mineralogia e micromorfologia de solos esqueléticos do bioma cerrado, no leste de Goiás

The great amount of mineral material with a diameter > 2 mm in soils of the Cerrado biome is an intriguing characteristic that needs highlights the importance of further studies on soil formation, soil classification, land use and management. For a comparison of the morphological, physical, chemical, mineralogical, and micromorphological attributes of such skeletal soils, profiles of Petric Plinthosols and Haplic Cambisols from the eastern Goias, Brazil, were studied and compared with similar profiles described in the literature. A pit was dug in each of the six soil profiles for morphological description and sampling at two depths (total of twelve soil samples). The petroplinthite nodules in the soil coarse fractions contribute to increase the Fe2O3 content extracted by sulfuric acid of Plinthosols. The Feo/Fed ratios are generally very low, reflecting the high stability of the crystalline Fe forms. The studied Plinthosols and Cambisols presented relatively low Ki and Kr values when compared to other soils of the same classes and with skeletal character in the Cerrado biome. The absence of hematite in the clay fraction of the studied soils results in yellowing of the moister pedoenvironment along the chapada borders. This landscape position is typical for Plinthosols, from where eroded materials contribute to the formation of Cambisol downslope. The hematite occurs only in the sand fraction of Plinthosols, associated with petroplinthite nodules. Magnetite/maghemite were identified in both soils. In the Cambisols, the presence of mica detected by X-ray diffraction analysis of the sand fraction, and the presence of minerals with strong interference colors in the thin sections, besides the higher values of Ki and Kr indices, highlights the less weathered nature of Cambisols as compared to Plinthosols. The small amount of plasma (10 % of the thin section area) indicates the skeletal character of the studied soils. Plinthosols have a dense granular structure, whereas the pore space of the microstructure of pellicular grains of the Cambisols is less connected and dominated by chambers and channels.

Espectroscopia Mössbauer na caracterização de compostos ferrosos em solos e sua relação com retenção de fósforo

The chemical role of iron-bearing compounds on the dynamics of phosphorus in selected Brazilian latosols was investigated. The iron oxides were characterized in an attempt to assess their main chemical-mineralogical properties influencing the ion sorption mechanisms in those pedosystems. It was found that increasing total iron contents tend to increase the phosphorus adsorption capacity in the selected soils. 110 K-Mossbauer data reveal that the dominant iron oxides are hematite and goethite. Particularly for the yellower soil samples some prominent doublets, more certainly due to superparamagnetic relaxation, may be assigned to corresponding fractions of relatively small-sized particles.

Long-term phosphate fertilization, mycorrhizal inoculation and historical land use influence on soybean growth and P uptake

Phosphorus is a key-nutrient in the fertility management of highly weathered tropical soils. So, this work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the influence of the interaction between P doses, mycorrhizal inoculation and historical land use on soybean growth and P uptake in five Latosols (Oxisols) with contrasting chemical, physical and mineralogical properties under a continuous long-term phosphate fertilization (more than 15 years). The plants were cultivated in 4.5L-plastic pots containing 4 kg of soil in a completely randomized design, four replications and 2x2x2 factorial scheme with two P doses; and with or without mycorrhizal inoculation; and soils cultivated for long periods and non-cultivated (under native vegetation). There were two cultivations of ten weeks each. Shoot dry mass, P content and accumulation in the shoot dry mass were evaluated after each cultivation period. The cultivation history reduced the response to P application and inoculation. The soybean response to inoculation was greater in cultivated soils and when the lower P dose was applied. The soybean response magnitude to these variables was different among the studied Latosols. The mineralogical and chemical attributes of the Latosols were determinants.

Urochloa decumbens growth and P uptake as affected by long-term phosphate fertilization, mycorrhizal inoculation and historical land use in contrasting Oxisols of the Brazilian Cerrado

No manejo da fertilidade de Latossolos brasileiros altamente intemperizados e lixiviados, o P e o macronutriente mais limitante. Assim, conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetacao, objetivando-se avaliar a influencia da interacao entre doses de P, inoculacao micorrizica e historico de uso do solo no crescimento de Urochloa decumbens e absorcao de P, em quatro Latossolos com atributos quimicos, fisicos e mineralogicos contrastantes. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 4 kg de solo, dispostos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeticoes e esquema fatorial 2x2x2: duas doses de P; com e sem inoculacao micorrizica; solos cultivados por longos periodos e nao cultivados (sob vegetacao nativa). Realizaram-se dois cultivos com duracao de 10 semanas cada. Apos cada cultivo avaliaram-se a materia seca da parte aerea, teor e acumulo de P na parte aerea. No primeiro cultivo, maior resposta ao P aconteceu nos solos sob vegetacao nativa em associacao a inoculacao e adicao de P. No segundo cultivo, a inoculacao teve maior efeito em todos os solos, associada a menor dose de P. O aumento do P no solo aumenta a concentracao desse nutriente na parte aerea. A inoculacao nao teve efeito na concentracao e no acumulo de P na parte aerea de Urochloa. O crescimento de Urochloa decumbens foi fortemente influenciado pela interacao entre classe de solo x historico de uso da terra x dose de P x inoculacao.