Paulo Roberto Salvador

Grape Pomace Skins and the Effects of Its Inclusion in the Technological Properties of Muffins

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the incorporation of 5, 7.5, and 10% of Riesling skin flour (RSF) and Tannat skin flour (TSF) as wheat flour replacement in muffins. The flour was evaluated for gluten content and Alveograph parameters. The finished products were evaluated for chemical composition and technological properties, and a sensory analysis was performed. All samples presented higher dietary fiber content than wheat flour, and this was mainly in the form of soluble dietary fiber. The inclusion of grape skin flour decreased the lightness of the flour and increased the lightness values (L*) of the muffin crumbs and crusts. The hardness of the muffins that incorporated RSF and TSF muffins increased as the percentage of the skin flour increased. There was a decrease in the cohesiveness value as the skin flour percentage increased. Consumers did not perceive the levels of substitution. The results of the sensory analysis indicated that grape skin can be added to the ingredients of muffins without changing the color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of the final product.

Sward structure and nutritive value of Alexandergrass fertilized with nitrogen

This experiment evaluated forage production, sward structure, stocking rate, weight gain per area and nutritive value of forage as grazed by beef heifers on Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) pasture fertilized with nitrogen (N): 0; 100; 200 or 300 kg of N/ha. The experiment was a completely randomized design following a repeated measurement arrangement. The experimental animals were Angus heifers with initial age and weight of 15 months and 241.5±5 kg, respectively. The grazing method was continuous, with put-and-take stocking. N utilization, regardless of the level, increase by 25% the daily forage accumulation rate and the weight gain per area by 23%. The level of 97.2 kg N/ha leads to a higher leaf blade mass and increases by 20% the leaf:stem ratio. Alterations in sward structure changes the nutritive value of forage as grazed. The utilization of 112.7 kg of N/ha allows the highest stocking rate (2049.8 kg of BW/ha), equivalent to 7.5 heifers per hectare.

Leaf tissues flows of alexandergrass grazed by heifers under different supplementation frequencies

The effects of several supplementation frequencies on forage use (leaf tissue flow, intensity and frequency of defoliation) in Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) were evaluated. The heifers remained exclusively on pasture or received whole oat grain seven days/week or five days/week (Monday to Friday). The weekly amount of supplement was similar for both frequencies. The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement, with three treatments and two area replications. Leaf tissue flow, frequency and intensity of defoliation are similar when heifers remain exclusively on Alexandergrass pasture or receive oat grain on different frequencies.