Pavan Kumar

Perspective of Membrane Technology in Dairy Industry: A Review

Membrane technology has revolutionized the dairy sector. Different types of membranes are used in the industry for various purposes like extending the shelf life of milk without exposure to heat treatment, standardization of the major components of milk for tailoring new products as well increasing yield and quality of the dairy products, and concentrating, fractionation and purification of milk components especially valuable milk proteins in their natural state. In the cheese industry, membranes increase the yield and quality of cheese and control the whey volume, by concentrating the cheese milk. With the advancement of newer technology in membrane processes, it is possible to recover growth factor from whey. With the introduction of superior quality membranes as well as newer technology, the major limitation of membranes, fouling or blockage has been overcome to a greater extent.

Effect of ambient storage on the quality characteristics of aerobically packaged fish curls incorporated with different flours.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ambient storage on the quality attributes of aerobically packaged fish curls incorporated with optimum levels of different flours. The curls were developed by extrusion technology using fish meat (Catla catla). The fish curls containing optimum levels of different flours viz. 20 percent corn flour, 10 percent black gram flour and 10 percent peanut flour were compared with the control snacks containing 30 percent rice flour and assessed for storage quality and shelf life at ambient temperature. The curls were aerobically packaged in LDPE (low density polyethylene) pouches and evaluated for various physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters. Mean values of pH of all the curls showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) decreasing trend with increasing days of storage (6.34u2009±u20090.01 on day 0 and 5.90u2009±u20090.005 on day 28 for control samples, 6.41u2009±u20090.009 on day 0 and 6.11u2009±u20090.02 on day 28 for corn flour incorporated samples, 6.36u2009±u20090.01 on day 0 and 6.14u2009±u20090.01 on day 28 for black gram flour incorporated samples, 6.57u2009±u20090.007 on day 0 and 6.34u2009±u20090.01 on day 28 for peanut flour incorporated samples). TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg), total plate count (log cfu/g) and yeast and mould count (log cfu/g) for the control as well as treatment samples showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) increasing trend with storage. Coliform counts (log cfu/g) were not detected until day 28 in all the products. The mean scores of sensory parameters i.e. appearance and colour, flavor, crispiness, texture and overall acceptability for control as well as treatment samples showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) decreasing trend with storage period. The decrease was significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) highest on 21st and 28th day of storage. The mean values for all the quality and storage parameters up to the day 21 of the storage were within the acceptable limits. Thus, based on various physicochemical and sensory parameters, the curls incorporated with optimum level of different flours were acceptable up to 21xa0days of ambient storage within the LDPE pouches.

Effect of pumpkin on the quality characteristics and storage quality of aerobically packaged chicken sausages.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different levels of pumpkin on the quality characteristics of chicken sausages. The pumpkin was incorporated at three different levels viz. 6, 12 and 18 percent replacing lean meat in the formulation. The products were analyzed for various physicochemical and sensory attributes. pH, emulsion stability, cooking yield, crude protein, ether extract and ash content of the products showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) decreasing trend with increasing levels of incorporation of pumpkin however, there was a significant (pu2009<u20090.05) increase in the moisture and crude fibre content. Based on various parameters, 12 percent level of incorporation was optimized as best. Chicken sausages with optimum level of pumpkin along with control were aerobically packaged in LDPE pouches and assessed for storage quality under refrigerated (4u2009±u20091°C) conditions. The mean values of pH and all the sensory parameters showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) decreasing trend for both control as well as treatment samples whereas TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg) value, total plate count (log cfu/g) and yeast and mould count (log cfu/g) showed significantly (pu2009<u20090.05) increasing trend with storage. Coliforms (log cfu/g) were not detected throughout the period of storage. Thus, fibre enriched chicken sausages could be successfully stored for a period of 14 days at refrigeration temperature (4u2009±u20091°C) without any significant loss in quality.

Effect of Aloe vera on the lipid stability and storage quality of chicken nuggets

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of Aloe vera as a novel source of natural antioxidant and preservative in the muscle foods and to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera on the storage quality of aerobically packaged chicken nuggets. Design/methodology/approach – The Aloe vera pulp was incorporated at various levels, namely, 0, 5, 10 and 15 per cent, replacing lean meat in the formulation. The products were analyzed for proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory parameters. Chicken nuggets incorporated with optimum level of Aloe vera (10 per cent) along with control nuggets (0 per cent Aloe vera) were aerobically packaged and assessed for lipid oxidation, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics under refrigerated (4°C) conditions. Findings – pH, crude protein, ether extract and ash content of the nuggets showed significant (p < 0.05) decreasing trend with increasing levels of Aloe vera; however, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the moisture conte...

Effect of sorghum bicolour and clove oil on the quality characteristics and storage quality of aerobically packaged chevon cutlets

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the effect of Sorghum bicolour on the quality characteristics of chevon cutlets and to evaluate the effect of clove oil on the storage quality of aerobically packaged chevon cutlets. Design/methodology/approach – Three levels of sorghum flour, namely, 2, 4 and 6 per cent, were incorporated in the formulation, and the products developed were assessed for various physicochemical, sensory, texture and colour parameters. Chevon cutlets containing optimum level of sorghum flour were treated with clove oil (100 ppm) and evaluated for storage quality for 15 days under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). The products were analysed for various physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters. Findings – Crude fibre, texture parameters, i.e. hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and product redness value, showed significant (p < 0.05) increasing trend, whereas moisture per cent, fat content and overall acceptability decreased significantl...

Effect of the combination of natural antioxidants and packaging methods on quality of pork patties during storage.

The effect of combination of phyto-extracts (sea buckthorn extract (SBTE), grape seed extract (GSE)) on different physico-chemical, oxidative stability, instrumental colour and texture, sensory and microbiological properties of pork patties were investigated under aerobic and MAP (50xa0% CO2: 50xa0%xa0N2) packaging conditions. Treatments viz. T-1 (aerobic packaged control), T-2 (aerobic packaged containing 0.3xa0% SBTE+ 0.1xa0% GSE), T-3 (MAP packaged control) and T-4 (MAP packaged containing 0.3xa0% SBTE+ 0.1xa0% GSE) at 4u2009±u20091xa0°C for 35xa0days and samples were drawn at 7xa0days interval. The pH decreased initially up to 21xa0days and thereafter increased on further storage whereas water activity followed a decreasing trend throughout the storage period, irrespective of the treatment and packaging conditions. Results of oxidative stability parameters revealed that peroxide value, TBARS and FFA followed an increasing trend in both the packaging groups during storage however, the rate of increase was significantly lower (Pu2009<u20090.05) in MAP packaged products than aerobic packaged products and phyto extracts incorporated products than their respective control. Instrumental colour and texture profiles were best maintained in MAP packaged treated products (T-4) which has higher redness (a*) value whereas lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) showed lower (Pu2009<u20090.05) value. MAP packaging resulted in superior sensory properties of pork patties as compared to aerobic packaged products. Standard plate count, psychrophiles and Coliforms were significantly (Pu2009<u20090.05) lower in treated products than control and microbial count was better maintained in MAP than aerobic condition. Results concluded that the combined use of antioxidants and MAP packaging would be a useful method to control the oxidative and microbial quality changes of pork patties and it can be successfully stored for 35xa0days.

Quality, functionality, and shelf life of fermented meat and meat products: A review.

ABSTRACT Fermentation of meat is a traditional preservation method used widely for improving quality and shelf life of fermented meat products. Fermentation of meat causes a number of physical, biochemical, and microbial changes, which eventually impart functional properties, sensory characteristics, and nutritional aspects to these products and inhibit the growth of various pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. These changes include acidification (carbohydrate catabolism), solubilization and gelation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins of muscle, degradation of proteins and lipids, reduction of nitrate into nitrite, formation of nitrosomyoglobin, and dehydration. Dry-fermented sausages are increasingly being used as carrier of probiotics. The production of biogenic amines during fermentation can be controlled by selecting proper starter cultures and other preventive measures such as quality of raw materials, hygienic measures, temperature, etc.

Camel milk: alternative milk for human consumption and its health benefits

Purpose – Camel as a livestock plays an important role in desert ecosystem and its milk has potential contribution in human nutrition in the hot and arid regions of the world. This milk contains all the essential nutrients as found in other milk. Fresh and fermented camel milk has been used in different regions in the world including India, Russia and Sudan for human consumption as well as for treatment of a series of diseases such as dropsy, jaundice, tuberculosis, asthma and leishmaniasis or kala-azar. The present paper aims to explore the possibility of camel milk as an alternative milk for human consumption. Design/methodology/approach – Recently, camel milk and its components were also reported to have other potential therapeutic properties, such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and renoprotective potential; and for autism, and has been recommended to be consumed by children who are allergic to bovine milk. Findings – It has also been reported to alleviate oxidative stress and l...

Storage stability of raw chevon chunks packaged in composite, bioactive films at refrigeration temperature

Storage stability of raw chevon (goat meat) chunks wrapped in preformed, bioactive, biodegradable films based on composite starch–chitosan and impregnated with nisin (60u2009000 IU/g; T-1) and cinnamaldehyde (0.5% v/v; T-2) was evaluated relative to unwrapped product (control) under aerobic refrigeration (4°C ± 1°C) conditions for 10 days. Samples were taken on Days 1, 4, 7 and 10 to assess various physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality parameters. Water activity and pH of raw chevon chunks followed a decreasing trend during storage under all packaging conditions; the rate of decrease of water activity was higher (P < 0.05) in the control than in bio-packaged products. Values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased throughout storage and were lowest in T-2 and highest in the control. Extract release volume decreased throughout storage under all packaging conditions; however, it was higher (P < 0.05) in bio-packaged products than the control. Microbial quality was better in bio-packaged products than the control throughout storage. Standard plate count was 2.09 log10 cycles lower in T-2 than the control, and coliform count was lower by log10 2.31 cfu/g in T-2 and log10 1.88 in T-1 than the control on Day 7 of storage. Staphylococcus counts were lower (P < 0.05) in bioactive-packaged products than the control throughout the storage period. Sensory quality attributes colour, odour, texture and overall acceptability were better maintained in bio-packaged products than the control during storage, and maximum scores were awarded to T-2. The results indicate that starch–chitosan composite films impregnated with cinnamaldehyde can be used for the packaging of raw goat meat and successfully extend storage life by inhibiting the colour, oxidative and microbial deteriorative changes under refrigeration.

Quality Attributes of Functional, Fiber-Enriched Pork Loaves

The aim of the present study was to optimize processing strategies for development of functional pork product with enhanced fiber content. Four different levels of inulin powder (0-control, 1-T1, 2-T2, and 3xa0%-T3) were incorporated in pork loaves by replacing lean meat. The cooked products were subjected to analysis for various physicochemical, proximate, instrumental texture, color profile and sensory quality attributes. The processing quality and functionality of the pork loaves were improved upon incorporation of inulin. There was significant (Pxa0<xa00.05) improvement in cooking yield and emulsion stability in treated products than control and recorded highest for T-3. The crude fiber content increased by 250xa0% in treated products with enhanced fat retention and reduced calorific value than control. Instrumental color profile, lightness (L*), redness (a*) and hue (H*) increased significantly (Pxa0<xa00.05) in treatment groups than control. The determinants of texture profile improved positively upon inulin incorporation. Sensory panelists rated the products to be of ‘very good to excellent’ quality. It can be concluded that pork loaves with improved sensory scores, cooking yield, color and textural profile have been effectively developed with the inclusion of 2.0xa0% inulin powder.