Pavel Suchy

Long-term application of clinoptilolite via the feed of layers and its impact on the chemical composition of long bones of pelvic limb (femur and tibiotarsus) and eggshell

Selected 120 layers, hybrid breed Bovans Goldline, were divided into two balanced groups: control (C) and experimental (E) group. The layers were raised in three-floor cage technology with automatic watering, manual feeding, in the environment with regulated lighting and thermal schedule. The actual experimental period started in the 22 nd week and ended in the 68 th week of age of the layers. In the period following the filling of the cages the layers received complete feed mixture N1, subsequently, until the end of the experiment, they received feed mixture N2. The feed mixtures for Group C and E were of the same composition, with the only difference that the feed mixture designed for the experimental group contained 1% of clinoptilolite (commercial additive ZeoFeed) as a substitute for the same portion of wheat.. The layers consumed the feed mixtures and drinking water ad libitum. In the layers of Group E the intensity of egg laying increased by 1.1%, which corresponds to an increased number of laid eggs 3.08 per layer. The average weight of laid eggs was 66.3 ± 6.25 g in the layers of Group C, 65.6 ± 5.44 g (P ≤ 0.05) in the experimental layers of Group E. In Group E the consumption of feed mixture per one egg was 4.1 g lower when compared to the control. In 100% dry matter the eggshell of layers that received clinoptilolite (Group E), as opposed to Group C, had a statistically significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.01) content of crude protein, calcium and magnesium. Almost the same and insignificant difference in values was found in ash and phosphorus. The values of the same indicators were statistically significantly higher in both monitored bones (femur and tibiotarsus) (P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.01) during the application of clinoptilolite (Group E), with the exception of P in femur, where an insignificant rise in the level of P occurred. The rise in the concentration of Mg in Group E was of particular importance: in femur by 50.4%, in tibiotarsus by 32.4%. If we compare the monitored values in femur and tibiotarsus, we can see that the levels of ash, Ca and P are higher in tibiotarsus, and the levels of crude protein and Mg are lower. The long-term application of clinoptilolite favourably influenced the lodgement of Ca, P, Mg and crude protein in the eggshell as well as in the bones ( femur, tibiotarsus), increased the egg production and reduced the consumption of feed mixture per one egg, while the good productive health of the layers was maintained.

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Nootropics and Their In Vivo Permeation through Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier prevents the passage of many drugs that target the central nervous system. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of silica-based nanocarriers loaded with piracetam, pentoxifylline, and pyridoxine (drugs from the class of nootropics), which are designed to enhance the permeation of the drugs from the circulatory system through the blood-brain barrier. Their permeation was compared with non-nanoparticle drug substances (bulk materials) by means of an in vivo model of rat brain perfusion. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The content of the drug substances in silica-based nanocarriers was analysed by elemental analysis and UV spectrometry. Microscopic analysis of visualized silica nanocarriers in the perfused brain tissue was performed. The concentration of the drug substances in the tissue was determined by means of UHPLC-DAD/HRMS LTQ Orbitrap XL. It was found that the drug substances in silica-based nanocarriers permeated through the blood brain barrier to the brain tissue, whereas bulk materials were not detected in the brain.

Olanzapine-depot administration induces time-dependent changes in adipose tissue endocrine function in rats.

OBJECTIVEnMetabolic adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics (AAP) contribute significantly to increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Extensive preclinical research has addressed this issue over the past years, though mechanisms underlying these adverse effects of AAP are still not understood completely. Recently, attention is drawn towards the role of adipose tissue metabolism and neurohormonal regulations.nnnMETHODSnThe aim of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent effects of olanzapine depot administration at clinically relevant dosing on the regulation of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, gastrointestinal and adipose tissue-derived hormones involved in energy balance regulations in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The study lasted 8 weeks and the markers were assayed at day 8, 15, 29, 43 and 57.nnnRESULTSnThe results indicate that in the absence of hyperphagia, olanzapine chronic exposure induced weight gain from the beginning of the study. In the later time-point, increased adiposity was also observed. In the initial phase of the study, lipid profile was altered by an early increase in triglyceride level and highly elevated leptin level was observed. Clear bi-phasic time-dependent effect of olanzapine on leptin serum concentration was demonstrated. Olanzapine treatment did not lead to changes in serum levels of ghrelin, FGF-21 and pro-inflammatory markers IL-1a, IL-6 and TNF-α at any time-point of the study.nnnCONCLUSIONnThis study provides data suggesting early alteration in adipose tissue endocrine function as a factor involved in mechanisms underlying metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics.

Levels of fatty acids in the whole body of hens and cocks of the Cobb 500 and Ross 308 hybrid combinations at the end of the fattening period

In this study, we determined the levels of individual fatty acids in the whole chicken body, as well as dry matter, nitrogenic substances and fat in Cobb 500 and Ross 308 chickens after 40 days of fattening. The highest level of all fatty acids (FA), regardless of the hybrid combination and sex of the chickens, was determined for oleic/elaidic acid, followed by palmitic, linoleic/linolelaidic, palmitoleic and stearic acids. In Cobb 500 cocks, higher values (P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.01) were found for all saturated fatty acids (SaFA) compared to hens. With the exception of γ-linoleic acid, the levels of n-6 FA measured in cocks were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than in hens and n-3 FA showed higher levels of eicosatrienoic (P ≤ 0.05) and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Ross 308 hens had higher levels of most SaFA, with differences for palmitic (P ≤ 0.01), myristic, heptadecanoic and stearic acids (P ≤ 0.05). Regarding monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), hens contained higher levels of myristoleic (P ≤ 0.05) and oleic/elaidic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Cocks showed higher levels of n-6 FA except for linoleic/linolelaidic and γ-linolenic acids; higher levels were found for cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, docosatetraenoic (P ≤ 0.05) and arachidonic acids (P ≤ 0.01). With the exception of α-linolenic acid, n-3 FA levels were higher in cocks, with differences in the levels of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). The results suggest possible directions for future research focused on the use of broiler chicken hybrids with more favourable proportions of n-6 FA and n-3 FA in fat and meat.

Depot risperidone-induced adverse metabolic alterations in female rats

Atypical antipsychotics are associated with adverse metabolic effects including weight gain, increased adiposity, dyslipidaemia, alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic dysregulation precedes weight gain development. The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in adipokines, hormones and basic serum biochemical parameters induced by chronic treatment with depot risperidone at two doses (20 and 40 mg/kg) in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Dose-dependent metabolic alterations induced by risperidone after 6 weeks of treatment were revealed. Concomitant to weight gain and increased liver weight, an adverse lipid profile with an elevated triglyceride level was observed in the high exposure group, administered a 40 mg/kg dose repeatedly, while the low dose exposure group, administered a 20 mg/kg dose, developed weight gain without alterations in the lipid profile and adipokine levels. An initial peak in leptin serum level after the higher dose was observed in the absence of weight gain. This finding may indicate that the metabolic alterations observed in this study are not consequent to body weight gain. Taken together, these data may support the primary effects of atypical antipsychotics on peripheral tissues.

Levels of nitrogenous substances and amino acids in bodies of Ross 308 hybrid cocks and hens over the course of rearing

Over the course of Ross 308 hybrid broiler chick cock and hen rearing, whole chicken bodies includ - ing feathers were monitored for changes in the levels of nitrogenous substances, essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA). At five-day intervals (Days 1, 5, 9, 15, 20, 26, 30, 35 and 40 of rearing), randomly selected chickens were slaughtered after 24 h of fasting. Over the course of rearing, N-substance levels ranged from 629.1 to 429.0 g/kg dry matter in hen bodies and from 616.0 to 477.3 g/kg dry matter in cock bodies. N-substance levels were statistically significantly different in the two sexes on rearing Days 35 and 40 ( P ≤ 0.01). The levels of all amino acids (AA) in dry body matter of chickens up to 15 days of age dropped significantly over time, while in the period from Day 20 to Day 40, some AA levels increased or reached the baseline. With most AA, the levels were lower in hens than in cocks over the course of the trial. At the end of the trial (Days 35 and 40), statistically significant differences between the sexes were found for most EAA ( P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05). NEAA, except for Ser and Ala, were also significantly higher in cocks on Days 35 and 40 ( P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05). Among the monitored EAA, the dry matter of the bodies of hens exhibited the highest levels of Leu, 8.70% on average, followed by Val 6.54%, Lys 5.26%, Ile 5.25%, Thr 4.84%, Phe 4.30%, Tyr 2.51% and Met 2.21%. Leu was also the most abundant in the cock bodies, 8.42% on average, followed by Val 6.30%, Lys 5.36%, Ile 5.06%, Thr 4.57%, Phe 4.45%, Tyr 2.88% and Met 2.17%. Knowledge of the levels of nitrogenous substances, EAA and NEAA in the whole bodies of broiler chickens including feathers will help to determine optimal rearing conditions.