Pavel V. Kuptsov

Theory and computation of covariant Lyapunov vectors

Lyapunov exponents are well-known characteristic numbers that describe growth rates of perturbations applied to a trajectory of a dynamical system in different state space directions. Covariant (or characteristic) Lyapunov vectors indicate these directions. Though the concept of these vectors has been known for a long time, they became practically computable only recently due to algorithms suggested by Ginelli et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 2007, 130601] and by Wolfe and Samelson [Tellus 59A, 2007, 355]. In view of the great interest in covariant Lyapunov vectors and their wide range of potential applications, in this article we summarize the available information related to Lyapunov vectors and provide a detailed explanation of both the theoretical basics and numerical algorithms. We introduce the notion of adjoint covariant Lyapunov vectors. The angles between these vectors and the original covariant vectors are norm-independent and can be considered as characteristic numbers. Moreover, we present and study in detail an improved approach for computing covariant Lyapunov vectors. Also we describe how one can test for hyperbolicity of chaotic dynamics without explicitly computing covariant vectors.

Violation of hyperbolicity in a diffusive medium with local hyperbolic attractor.

Departing from a system of two nonautonomous amplitude equations, demonstrating hyperbolic chaotic dynamics, we construct a one-dimensional medium as an ensemble of such local elements introducing spatial coupling via diffusion. When length of the medium is small, all spatial cells oscillate synchronously, reproducing the local hyperbolic dynamics. This regime is characterized by a single positive Lyapunov exponent. The hyperbolicity survives when the system gets larger in length so that the second Lyapunov exponent passes zero and the oscillations become inhomogeneous in space. However, at a point where the third Lyapunov exponent becomes positive, some bifurcation occur that results in violation of the hyperbolicity due to the emergence of one-dimensional intersections of contracting and expanding tangent subspaces along trajectories on the attractor. Further growth of the length results in the two-dimensional intersections of expanding and contracting subspaces that we classify as a stronger type of the violation. Beyond the point of the hyperbolicity loss, the system demonstrates an extensive spatiotemporal chaos typical for extended chaotic systems: when the length of the system increases the Kaplan-Yorke dimension, the number of positive Lyapunov exponents and the upper estimate for Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy grow linearly, while the Lyapunov spectrum tends to a limiting curve.

Numerical test for hyperbolicity of chaotic dynamics in time-delay systems

We develop a numerical test of hyperbolicity of chaotic dynamics in time-delay systems. The test is based on the angle criterion and includes computation of angle distributions between expanding, contracting, and neutral manifolds of trajectories on the attractor. Three examples are tested. For two of them, previously predicted hyperbolicity is confirmed. The third one provides an example of a time-delay system with nonhyperbolic chaos.

Predictable nonwandering localization of covariant Lyapunov vectors and cluster synchronization in scale-free networks of chaotic maps.

Covariant Lyapunov vectors for scale-free networks of Hénon maps are highly localized. We revealed two mechanisms of the localization related to full and phase cluster synchronization of network nodes. In both cases the localization nodes remain unaltered in the course of the dynamics, i.e., the localization is nonwandering. Moreover, this is predictable: The localization nodes are found to have specific dynamical and topological properties and they can be found without computing of the covariant vectors. This is an example of explicit relations between the system topology, its phase-space dynamics, and the associated tangent-space dynamics of covariant Lyapunov vectors.

Numerical test for hyperbolicity in chaotic systems with multiple time delays

Abstract We develop an extension of the fast method of angles for hyperbolicity verification in chaotic systems with an arbitrary number of time-delay feedback loops. The adopted method is based on the theory of covariant Lyapunov vectors and provides an efficient algorithm applicable for systems with high-dimensional phase space. Three particular examples of time-delay systems are analyzed and in all cases the expected hyperbolicity is confirmed.

Radial and circular synchronization clusters in extended starlike network of van der Pol oscillators

Abstract We consider extended starlike networks where the hub node is coupled with several chains of nodes representing star rays. Assuming that nodes of the network are occupied by nonidentical self-oscillators we study various forms of their cluster synchronization. Radial cluster emerges when the nodes are synchronized along a ray, while circular cluster is formed by nodes without immediate connections but located on identical distances to the hub. By its nature the circular synchronization is a new manifestation of so called remote synchronization [33]. We report its long-range form when the synchronized nodes interact through at least three intermediate nodes. Forms of long-range remote synchronization are elements of scenario of transition to the total synchronization of the network. We observe that the far ends of rays synchronize first. Then more circular clusters appear involving closer to hub nodes. Subsequently the clusters merge and, finally, all network become synchronous. Behavior of the extended starlike networks is found to be strongly determined by the ray length, while varying the number of rays basically affects fine details of a dynamical picture. Symmetry of the star also extensively influences the dynamics. In an asymmetric star circular cluster mainly vanish in favor of radial ones, however, long-range remote synchronization survives.

Variety of regimes of starlike networks of Hénon maps.

In this paper we categorize dynamical regimes demonstrated by starlike networks with chaotic nodes. This analysis is done in view of further studying of chaotic scale-free networks, since a starlike structure is the main motif of them. We analyze starlike networks of Hénon maps. They are found to demonstrate a huge diversity of regimes. Varying the coupling strength we reveal chaos, quasiperiodicity, and periodicity. The nodes can be both fully and phase synchronized. The hub node can be either synchronized with the subordinate nodes or oscillate separately from fully synchronized subordinates. There is a range of wild multistability where the zoo of regimes is the most various. One can hardly predict here even a qualitative nature of the expected solution, since each perturbation of the coupling strength or initial conditions results in a new character of dynamics.

A family of models with blue sky catastrophes of different classes

A generalized model with bifurcations associated with blue sky catastrophes is introduced. Depending on an integer index m, different kinds of attractors arise, including those associated with quasi-periodic oscillations and with hyperbolic chaos. Verification of the hyperbolicity is provided based on statistical analysis of intersection angles of stable and unstable manifolds.

Cluster synchronization of starlike networks with normalized Laplacian coupling: master stability function approach

A generalized model of star-like network is suggested that takes into account non-additive coupling and nonlinear transformation of coupling variables. For this model a method of analysis of synchronized cluster stability is developed. Using this method three star-like networks based on Ikeda, predator-prey and Hénon maps are studied.

Indirect synchronization control in a starlike network of phase oscillators

A starlike network of non-identical phase oscillators is considered that contains the hub and tree rays each having a single node. In such network effect of indirect synchronization control is reported: changing the natural frequency and the coupling strength of one of the peripheral oscillators one can switch on an off the synchronization of the others. The controlling oscillator at that is not synchronized with them and has a frequency that is approximately four time higher then the frequency of the synchronization. The parameter planes showing a corresponding synchronization tongue are represented and time dependencies of phase differences are plotted for points within and outside of the tongue.