Paweł Ruśkowski

TARTARIC ACID AND ITS O-ACYL DERIVATIVES. PART 2. APPLICATION OF TARTARIC ACID AND OF O-ACYL TARTARIC ACIDS AND ANHYDRIDES. RESOLUTION OF RACEMATES

INTRODUCTION 165 I. RESOLVING AGENT 167 1. Resolution via Diastereomeric Salt Formation 167 a) Resolved Compounds 168 b) Resolving Agent 171 c) Resolution by Formation and Fractional Crystallization of Diastereomeric Salts ......173 d) Selection of the Resolution Optimal Parameters 175 e) Alternative Methods of Separation of Diastereomeric Salts 179 f) Industrial Aspect 180 2. Resolution via Diastereomeric Complex Formation 181 a) Resolved Compounds 182 b) Resolving Agent 184 c) Techniques of Resolution via Complex Formation 186 3. Resolution via Diastereomeric Compound Formation 186 II. DERIVATIZATING AGENT 187 1. Derivatization of Alcohols 188 2. Derivatization of Amines 188 III. CHIRAL MATERIAL FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY 188 1. Chiral Additive 189 a) Impregnated Silica Plates 189 b) Chiral Mobile Phase Additives 189 c) Chiral Stationary Phases 190 2. Templating Agent 193 ORGANIC PREPARATIONS AND PROCEDURES INT., 40 (2), 163-200 (2008)

Tartaric Acid and its O-Acyl Derivatives. Part 10. Synthesis and Applications of Tartramides, Tartrimides and O-Acyltartramides and Imides

Introduction ................................................................................. 403 I. Synthesis of Tartramides............................................................... 404 1. Reaction of Tartaric Acid with Amines (Method A).................................404 2. Aminolysis or Ammonolysis of Tartaric Esters (Method B) .....................406 3. Reactions of O,O′-Protected Tartaric Derivatives (Method C)..................409 4. Hydrolysis of Tartaric Imides (Method D) ..............................................410 5. Aminolysis of Tartaric Imides (Method E)..............................................411 6. Deacylation of O,O′-Diacyltartaric Amides (Method F) ..........................412 7. Dihydroxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Diamides (Method G).....................413 II. Synthesis of O,O′-Diacyltartramides.............................................. 414 1. Aminolysis of O,O′-Diacyltartaric Anhydrides or Acid Chlorides (Method A)...........................................................................................414 2. Reaction of O,O′-Diacyltartaric Monoamides with Amines in the Presence of a Condensing Agent (Method B) .........................................418 3. Acylation of Tartaric Diamides (Method C) ............................................418 4. Aminolysis of O,O′-Diacyltartaric Esters (Method D) .............................419 III. Properties of Tartramides and O,O′-Diacyltartramides ................. 419 IV. Application of Tartramides and O,O′-Diacyltartramides ............... 420 1. Ligands or Catalysts in Enantioselective Reactions.................................420 2. Building Blocks in Asymmetric Synthesis ..............................................423 3. Resolving Agents ..................................................................................425 4. Miscellaneous ......................................................................................425 V. Synthesis of Tartrimides................................................................ 426 1. Reaction of Tartaric Acid with Amines (Method A).................................426 2. Deacetylation of O,O′-Diacetyltartaric Imides (Method B) ......................428 3. Dihydroxylation of Maleimides (Method C) ...........................................428 VI. Synthesis of O,O′-Diacyltartrimides .............................................. 429 1. Cyclization of O,O′-Diacyltartaric Monoamides in the Presence of Condensing Agent (Method A) ..............................................................429

Influence of liquid pore precursors on morphology and mechanical properties of 3D scaffolds obtained by dry inversion phase method: INFLUENCE OF LIQUID PORE PRECURSORS

Polyester 3D scaffolds were obtained by dry inversion phase method. The influence of a polymer and liquid pore precursor type on the 3D scaffolds morphology, porosity and mechanical properties was tested. Polymers and precursors forming a porous structure were identified. It was found that 3D scaffolds having the most preferable structure for cell cultures were obtained from polylactide with the addition of n-butanol as the liquid pore precursor.