Pedro Carlos de Oliveira

Síntese do butirato de n-butila empregando lipase microbiana imobilizada em copolímero de estireno-divinilbenzeno

This work investigates the reaction parameters of an immobilized lipase in the esterification reaction of n-butanol and butyric acid. Microbial lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (STY-DVB) and subsequently introduced in an organic medium containing substrates in appropriate concentrations. Heptane was selected as solvent on the basis of its compatibility with the resin and the enzyme. The influence of molar ratio of acid to alcohol, amount of immobilized lipase and temperature on the butyl butyrate formation was determined. The results were compared with those achieved with free lipase and Lipozyme (commercially immobilized lipase) under the same operational conditions.

Assessment of cumulative damage by using ultrasonic C-scan on carbon fiber/epoxy composites under thermal cycling

In recent years, structural composites manufactured by carbon fiber/epoxy laminates have been employed in large scale in aircraft industries. These structures require high strength under severe temperature changes of –56° until 80 °C. Regarding this scenario, the aim of this research was to reproduce thermal stress in the laminate plate developed by temperature changes and tracking possible cumulative damages on the laminate using ultrasonic C-scan inspection. The evaluation was based on attenuation signals and the C-scan map of the composite plate. The carbon fiber/epoxy plain weave laminate underwent temperatures of –60° to 80 °C, kept during 10 minutes and repeated for 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 times. After 1000 cycles, the specimens were inspected by C-scanning. A few changes in the laminate were observed using the inspection methodology only in specimens cycled 3000 times, or so. According to the found results, the used temperature range did not present enough conditions to cumulative damage in this type of laminate, which is in agreement with the macro - and micromechanical theory.

Synthesis and characterization of thermo-responsive particles of poly(hydroxybutirate-co-hydroxyvalerate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

A new kind of thermo-responsive particles were prepared by the self-assembly technique, comprising poly(hydroxyvalerate-co-hydroxybutirate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/ (PHBHV-b-PNIPAAm) block copolymers. The hydrophilic part PNIPAAm was synthesized by Reversible Addition- Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Particles with core-shell morphology were obtained with hydrophilic outer shells and hydrophobic inner cores. Dexametasone acetate (DexAc) was used as a model drug with an encapsulation efficiency of 77%. The release of DexAc in aqueous solution was strongly dependent on temperature, suggesting that PHBHV-b-PNIPAAm particles can be used as a thermo-responsive carrier material with external control in a drug release system.

Influence of water immersion and ultraviolet weathering on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of polyphenylene sulfide-carbon fiber composites

In order to investigate the combined action of temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)–carbon fiber composite specimens were exposed to environmental degradation through two different techniques: water immersion and UV climatic chamber. The moisture weight gain curves of the composites were compared with those of the neat matrix in order to determine the interface effect on moisture absorption. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of UV-weathered samples presented oxidation formation. Compressive tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) revealed that the weathered materials gained in stiffness, nevertheless a small deterioration in strength was found after long periods of UV radiation exposure.

Economic Criteria for Evaluating Demand Side Management Measures in the Context of Electricity Sector Regulation

In the present regulations of the Portuguese electricity sector distribution companies, acting as last resort suppliers, they can promote energy efficiency measures also designated in this context by Demand Side Management (DSM) measures. In order to promote the implementation of these measures, the Tariff Code establishes that the measures, costs and half of the respective net benefits will be reflected in the supply tariffs. In this paper different criteria for valuing DSM measures are analysed, including valuing avoided costs from the electricity sector (namely by considering data from marginal costs) and valuing environmental benefits. The economic criteria discussed are applied to five DSM measures. For each criterion and for each DSM measure several aspects are evaluated, namely: 1) the respective costs and benefits, distinguishing between bill reduction benefits and environmental benefits; 2) the benefit/cost ratio; 3) the amount of allowed revenues to be included in the supply tariffs and the impa...

Fusel oil as precursor for aroma generation by biotransformation using lipase: scientific note.

The feasibility of using mixtures of C4 and C5 chain-length aliphatic alcohols from fusel oil as the bulk organic media for lipase-mediated synthesis of laurate esters was assessed. Reaction mixtures consisted of lauric acid, lipase, solvent (if added), and appropriate amount of fusel oil (previously dehydrated with inorganic salts and molecular sieves). The influence of the reaction conditions such as substrate concentrations and temperature were investigated. Increased molar ratio of acyl donor to acyl acceptor allowed the esterification to proceed with no need for solvent addition.

Estudo da influência do condicionamento higrotérmico nas propriedades viscoelásticas de compósitos termoplásticos

Continued growth in the use of thermoplastic composites for structural components in the aerospace industry due, primarily, to the design flexibility, excellent mechanical properties and low density, combined with the high values of strength and stiffness and low incidence of corrosion meeting the stringent performance requirements of these structures while in service. However, components that requires structural requirements when exposed to harsh environments such as high temperature and moisture, can have their mechanical properties reduced by these environmental factors, and should be carefully evaluated before being placed in service. Although there are several studies in the literature reporting this problem for structural composites, few studies relate in a systematic way, assessing the moisture absorption with the viscoelastic behavior of PPS matrix reinforced with carbon fibers, when the composite is used in aeronautical applications. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of hygrothermal conditioning on the viscoelastic properties of PPS/carbon fiber composites. The results show that the laminates conditioned in a hygrothermal chamber had moisture absorption according to Fick laws, but it was not observed a significant glass transition temperature variation when compared conditioned and not conditioned specimens.