Pedro Luiz Tauil

Malaria in Brazil: an overview

Malaria is still a major public health problem in Brazil, with approximately 306 000 registered cases in 2009, but it is estimated that in the early 1940s, around six million cases of malaria occurred each year. As a result of the fight against the disease, the number of malaria cases decreased over the years and the smallest numbers of cases to-date were recorded in the 1960s. From the mid-1960s onwards, Brazil underwent a rapid and disorganized settlement process in the Amazon and this migratory movement led to a progressive increase in the number of reported cases. Although the main mosquito vector (Anopheles darlingi) is present in about 80% of the country, currently the incidence of malaria in Brazil is almost exclusively (99,8% of the cases) restricted to the region of the Amazon Basin, where a number of combined factors favors disease transmission and impair the use of standard control procedures. Plasmodium vivax accounts for 83,7% of registered cases, while Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for 16,3% and Plasmodium malariae is seldom observed. Although vivax malaria is thought to cause little mortality, compared to falciparum malaria, it accounts for much of the morbidity and for huge burdens on the prosperity of endemic communities. However, in the last few years a pattern of unusual clinical complications with fatal cases associated with P. vivax have been reported in Brazil and this is a matter of concern for Brazilian malariologists. In addition, the emergence of P. vivax strains resistant to chloroquine in some reports needs to be further investigated. In contrast, asymptomatic infection by P. falciparum and P. vivax has been detected in epidemiological studies in the states of Rondonia and Amazonas, indicating probably a pattern of clinical immunity in both autochthonous and migrant populations. Seropidemiological studies investigating the type of immune responses elicited in naturally-exposed populations to several malaria vaccine candidates in Brazilian populations have also been providing important information on whether immune responses specific to these antigens are generated in natural infections and their immunogenic potential as vaccine candidates. The present difficulties in reducing economic and social risk factors that determine the incidence of malaria in the Amazon Region render impracticable its elimination in the region. As a result, a malaria-integrated control effort - as a joint action on the part of the government and the population - directed towards the elimination or reduction of the risks of death or illness, is the direction adopted by the Brazilian government in the fight against the disease.

Critical aspects of dengue control in Brazil

Dengue is now the main reemerging disease in the world. In the absence of an efficacious preventive vaccine and effective etiologic treatment and chemoprophylaxis, the only vulnerable link for reducing dengue transmission is the mosquito Aedes aegypti, its principal vector. There are many difficulties in combating this mosquito in large and medium-sized cities. The complexity of contemporary urban life generates factors that facilitate the mosquitos proliferation and constraints on the reduction of its infestation rates. The objectives of dengue control should be based on available scientific and technical knowledge. Thus, while it is not possible to avoid dengue in areas infested with A. aegypti, it is possible to prevent major epidemics by improving epidemiological surveillance, and it is both possible and feasible to reduce the diseases case fatality from the current 5 to 6% to some 1% in the severe forms. The elaboration and execution of strategic plans for the organization of medical care for suspected dengue cases have proven to be a highly useful instrument to reduce case fatality both in other countries and in some cities of Brazil.

Urbanização e ecologia do dengue

Demographic changes occurring in underdeveloped countries due to intense rural-urban migration since the 1960s have resulted in overcrowded cities with multiple deficiencies, particularly in housing and basic sanitation. Some 20% of the population in large and medium-sized cities live in slums or under similar conditions. Lack of regular water supply and public garbage collection foster the proliferation of potential breeding sites for Aedes aegypti (the main mosquito vector for dengue), including precarious reservoirs for potable water and disposable recipients which accumulate water, like used cans and plastic and glass bottles. Modern industries also produce large volumes of disposable materials. Propagation of the dengue virus and the spread of dengue vectors are favored by the high intensity, frequency, and speed of private and public transportation. Such factors can help explain the re-emergence of dengue, the most important arbovirus in the world today, affecting thousands of people each year.

An analysis of the impact of the Schistosomiasis Control Programme in Brazil.

The impact of the Schistosomiasis Control Programme (PCE) in Brazil was analyzed, covering the period 1976 to 2003, using the following indicators: percentage of Schistosoma mansoni carriers detected among the population examined in the coproscopic surveys (PPS): mortality rate for schistosomiasis, per 100,000 inhabitants (TME): hospitalization rate for schistosomiasis, per 100,000 inhabitants (TIE): average age of deaths caused by schistosomiasis (IMOE). There was a 38.5% reduction in the PPS after the introduction of the PCE, attributed to the treatment of carriers. Even in hyper-endemic municipalities, such as Conde and Cuitegí, in the state of Paraíba, the PPS fell more than 50% after the first year of treatment. The parasitic burden of the carriers also decreased in the two municipalities. The TME was reduced by 63.4% and the TIE by 77.3%. The mortality rate was highest among the 50-and-above age group. The countrys IMOE rose 32.3%. The IMOE was seen to be much lower in the state of Minas Gerais, where the PCE was only initiated in 1983, with very limited coverage.

Controle da malária no Brasil: 1965 a 2001

This paper reviews malaria control initiatives in Brazil, from the Malaria Eradication Campaign (Campanha de Erradicação da Malária), which was launched in 1965 and was based on spraying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and on administering antimalarial drugs, to the implementation, in 2000, of the Program for Intensification of Malaria Control in the nine-state Legal Amazon region of Brazil (Plano de Intensificação das Ações de Controle da Malária na Amazônia Legal), which was implemented in response to the World Health Organizations Roll Back Malaria effort. Among the Brazilian initiatives discussed are epidemiological stratification, the Impact Operation (Operação Impacto), the Amazon Basin Malaria Control Project (Projeto de Controle da Malária na Bacia Amazônica), and the Integrated Malaria Control Program (Programa de Controle Integrado da Malária). Although there was progress in the control of malaria before the Intensification Program was launched in 2000, the actions carried out were not sustained. From 1998 to 1999 there was even a 34% increase in the number of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon. The Intensification Program set a goal, in comparison to 1999, of reducing by 50% the number of malaria cases by the end of 2001 and of cutting by 50% the mortality due to malaria by the end of 2002. Data for 2001 showed an overall 39% decrease in the number of malaria cases in the nine Amazonian states of the Intensification Program. The smallest decrease (15%) was in the state of Amapá, where the plan was not implemented until the second half of 2001. In terms of incidence by species, there was a 35% reduction in cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum and a 41% reduction in cases caused by P. vivax. The only independent variable that explains this reduction is the implementation of the Intensification Program. Although preliminary, these results indicate considerable gains. Decisive to this progress has been the strong mobilization of federal, state, and municipal governments.

Alcoolemia em vítimas fatais de acidentes de trânsito no Distrito Federal, Brasil

The objective of the study was to assess the association between high blood alcohol levels and fatal victims of traffic accidents in the Brazilian Federal District, in 2005. A total of 442 casualties (163 pedestrians, 84 victims of overturns, and 195 of collisions) were studied. Blood alcohol concentration was analyzed in 238 cases (53.7%). Most victims were young males, aged between 18 and 35 years. Blood alcohol levels higher than 0.6 g/L were detected in 44.2% of collision victims; 57.7% of victims of overturns and 32.5% of pedestrians. The difference in proportions between overturn victims with blood alcohol concentration higher than 0.6 g/L and those victims of other traffic accidents was statistically significant.

Perspectivas de controle de doenças transmitidas por vetores no Brasil

The analysis of vector borne disease control in Brazil should consider three aspects: the urbanization of the population, change from a rural pattern to concomitant urban or peri-urban transmission and decentralization of control to municipalities. The great majority of the population now lives in urban areas. Some diseases are being transmitted in urban areas, due to the emergence or reemergence of their vectors, such as dengue, malaria and visceral leishmaniasis. Difficulties in control occur, as it is easier to apply control measures in rural areas, because there is more population adherence than in urban areas and so the coverage is higher and disease control is better. The decentralization of control activities to states and municipalities is being implemented and difficulties occur as these levels of government have insufficient accumulated experience in control. For more effective control, political commitment, multi-sector articulation and rational use of insecticide are required.

Vacinação contra febre amarela em pacientes com diagnósticos de doenças reumáticas, em uso de imunossupressores

Yellow fever is endemic in some countries. The anti-yellow fever vaccine is the only effective means of protection but is contraindicated for immunocompromised patients. The aim of this paper was to report on a case series of rheumatological patients who were using immunosuppressors and were vaccinated against this disease. This was a retrospective study by means of a questionnaire applied to these patients, who were vaccinated 60 days before the investigation. Seventy patients of mean age 46 years were evaluated. Most of them were female (90%). There were cases of rheumatoid arthritis (54), systemic lupus erythematosus (11), spondyloarthropathy (5) and systemic sclerosis (2). The therapeutic schemes included methotrexate (42), corticosteroids (22), sulfasalazine (26), leflunomide (18), cyclophosphamide (3) and immunobiological agents (9). Sixteen patients (22.5%) reported some minor adverse effect. Among the eight patients using immunobiological agents, only one presented a mild adverse effect. Among these patients using immunosuppressors, adverse reactions were no more frequent than among immunocompetent individuals. This is the first study on this topic.

Is the prevalence of celiac disease increased among epileptic patients

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) among a group of epileptic patients attending the Epilepsy Clinics of two general hospitals in the city of Brasilia (DF), Brazil. METHOD Serum samples were collected from 255 epileptic patients (119 children, 136 adults) originating from Epilepsy Clinics, and from a control group composed by 4405 individuals (2034 children, 2371 adults) attending the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, for routine blood testing. The diagnosis of CD was determined by the antiendomysium antibody (IgA-EMA) test and by small intestine biopsy. RESULTS two of the 255 epileptic patients (1:127) and fifteen subjects from the control group (1:293) tested positive for the IgA-EMA assay. CONCLUSION the prevalence of CD was 2.3 times higher in epileptic patients than in controls (7.84 per 1000 versus 3.41 per 1000). Although still not statistically significant, this result is highly suggestive of an increased prevalence of CD among epileptic patients.

Dengue em criança: aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos, Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, no período de 2006 e 2007

This study presents the clinical and epidemiological aspects of children affected with dengue, in Manaus, AM, in 2006 and 2007. There were 482 The aim of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children affected by dengue, in Manaus, State of Amazonas, in 2006 and 2007. Analysis was conducted on 482 dengue cases with confirmation from laboratory tests, in 2006 (46.9% in children under 15 years of age), and 1,538 cases in 2007 (57.7% in children under 15 years of age). The data were obtained from the National System for Notifiable Diseases (Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificacao; SINAN) in Manaus. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, district where subject lived, month when symptoms started, serotypes and clinical form of the disease. Statistically significant increases in the proportion of cases in children under 15 years of age and in the proportion of severe forms were found between 2006 and 2007. Although the hemorrhagic form was almost three times more frequent in 2007, the mortality rate was lower. The serotypes identified were DEN-3 in 2006 and DEN-1, DEN-2 and DEN-3 in 2007. In 2007, cases were recorded in every month of the year.