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Featured researches published by Per Hoffmann.


Holzforschung | 2004

The Bremen Cog of 1380 – An electron microscopic study of its degraded wood before and after stabilization with PEG

Per Hoffmann; Adya P. Singh; Yoon Soo Kim; Seung Gon Wi; Ik-Joo Kim; Uwe Schmitt

Abstract The Bremen Cog is a big ship built AD 1380 from oak wood. After its recovery from the river Weser, the water-logged ships timbers were successfully stabilized using a novel two-step polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. An electron microscopic study of the patterns of degradation and of the distribution of PEG within the Cog wood is described. Descriptions like these do not exist for many well known archaeological objects. SEM revealed that in areas with extensive degradation, wood cell walls are thinned and cells have a distorted appearance. TEM provided evidence that the wood has been degraded primarily by erosion bacteria. The stabilization treatment involved impregnation first with PEG 200 and then with PEG 3000. The SEM observations of PEG-impregnated wood revealed that in degraded tissues all cell types are well filled with PEG 3000. Non-degraded tissues are impermeable to PEG 3000 and are impregnated only with PEG 200. SEM confirmed earlier fluorescence microscopic evidence, that PEG 200 is absorbed by the cell walls.


Holzforschung | 2010

On the long-term visco-elastic behaviour of polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnated archaeological oak wood

Per Hoffmann

No abstract available


European Journal of Wood and Wood Products | 1986

Das Holz der Archäologen

Per Hoffmann; R.-D. Peek; J. Puls; E. Schwab

ZusammenfassungPhysikalisch-mechanische, chemische und mikroskopische Untersuchungen an nassem Eichenholz aus den in Mainz gefundenen Römerschiffen des 4. Jahrhunderts charakterisieren es als ein, je nach Abbaugrad, plastifiziertes oder sehr sprödes wassergefülltes Material mit außerordentlich hoher Trockenschwindung. Bei einem Vergleich mit früheren Ergebnissen zeigen sich enge Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Abbaubildern archäologischer Eichenhölzer, die an sehr verschiedenartigen Fundorten geborgen wurden: Der abiotische hydrolytische Abbau der Kohlenhydrate schreitet meist mit scharfer Front parallel zur Oberfläche von außen nach innen voran. Versuche zur optimalen Stabilisierung der Hölzer mit PEG werden vorgestellt, auf denen die demnächst beginnende Konservierung der Mainzer Römerschiffe basiert.AbstractTechnological, chemical, and microscopical studies on waterlogged oakwood from the Mayence Roman Ships (4th century) characterize it, depending on the degree of degradation, as a plasticized or very brittle waterfilled material undergoing heavy shrinkage on drying. The comparison with former results reveils strong common traits in the degradation pattern of wet archaeological oakwoods salvaged from differing environments: The abiotic hydrolytic degradation of the carbohydrates proceeds parallel to the surface, mostly with a sharply marked front. Experiments to optimize the stabilization of the wood with PEG are presented, which form the basis for the conservation treatment of the Mayence Roman Ships.


European Journal of Wood and Wood Products | 1998

Zur Zellwandstruktur von 1600 Jahre altem, wassergesättigtem Eichenholz

Uwe Schmitt; Per Hoffmann

ZusammenfassungWassergesättigtes Eichenholz der sogenannten „Mainzer Römerschiffe” (4. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) wurde mit einem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop auf Veränderungen in der Zellwandstruktur untersucht. Es zeigte sich für die meisten Zellen eine strukturell unbeeinträchtigte Mittellamelle und Sekundärwand 3, die Sekundärwandschichten 1 und 2 (


Studies in Conservation | 1986

On the stabilization of waterlogged oakwood with PEG. II. Designing a two-step treatment for multi-quality timbers

Per Hoffmann

1 und


Structure and degradation process for waterlogged archaeological wood. | 1990

Structure and degradation process for waterlogged archaeological wood.

Per Hoffmann; Mark Jones

2) liefgen hingegen einen deutlichen Strukturverlust erkennen. Hinsichtlich der wirkenden Mechanismen ergab die Untersuchung eine Beteiligung holzabbauender Bakterien.AbstractWater-saturated oak wood from the „Mayence Roman ships” (4th century A.D.) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The studies on the cell wall fine structure revealed that in most cells the middle lamella and the innermost secondary wall layer (


Journal of Chromatography A | 1987

Simultaneous separation of oligomeric and polymeric ethylene glycols (degree of polymerization 1–110) using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Günes Barka; Per Hoffmann

3) remained structurally unaltered. On the other hand, the secondary wall layers Sl and S2 became heavily degraded. The characteristic degradation pattern indicates the involvement of bacteria.


Archive | 1994

Degradation processes in waterlogged archaeological wood

Robert A. Blanchette; Per Hoffmann


European Journal of Wood and Wood Products | 2005

Electron microscopic characterization of cell wall degradation of the 400,000-year-old wooden Schöningen spears

Uwe Schmitt; Adya P. Singh; Hartmut Thieme; Petra Friedrich; Per Hoffmann


International Journal of Nautical Archaeology | 2001

To be and to continue being a cog: the conservation of the Bremen Cog of 1380

Per Hoffmann

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Adya P. Singh

Forest Research Institute

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Seung Gon Wi

Chonnam National University

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Yoon Soo Kim

Chonnam National University

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