Per M. Jørgensen

Survey of the Lichen Family Pannariaceae on the American Continent, North of Mexico

Abstract The Panariaceae sensu lato of North America are shown to contain 51 species in ten genera: Degelia (1), Erioderma (3), Fuscopannaria (25), Leioderma (1), Moelleropsis (1), Pannaria (8), Parmeliella (5), Protopannaria (1), Psoroma (3), and Santessoniella (3). The following new taxa are described: Fuscopannaria alaskana, F. aurita, F. coralloidea, F. crustacea, F. hookerioides, F. leprosa, F. pacifica, F. ramulina, F. thiersii, Pannaria lurida ssp. quercicola, P. subfusca, and Parmeliella appalachensis. The following new combinations proved necessary: Fuscopannaria californica (Tuck.), F. cheiroloba (Müll. Arg.), F. incisa (Müll. Arg.), Pannaria lurida ssp. russellii (Tuck.), Parmeliella stylophora (Vain.), Protopannaria (Gyeln.), Protopannaria pezizoides (G. H. Weber), and Santessoniella crossophylla (Nyl.). All names are typified and keys are provided to all taxa. The genus Fuscopannaria has an evolutionary center on the Pacific coast where it appears to have evolved taxa for most available niches from coastal rocks (F. maritima) to high mountain peaks (F. hookerioides), and from cool damp habitats (F. alaskana) to warm, dry ones (F. californica). Several species in the eastern parts, like F. leucosticta and F. sorediata, reappear in Japan and are additions to the Tertiary relic element of the North American flora. The importance of recognizing ecogeographic elements is pointed out.

Slippery when wet: Phylogeny and character evolution in the gelatinous cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes)

Many lichen fungi form symbioses with filamentous Nostoc cyanobacteria, which cause the lichen to swell and become extremely gelatinous when moist. Within the Lecanoromycetes, such gelatinous lichens are today mainly classified in the Collemataceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). We performed Bayesian MCMC, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses of three independent markers (mtSSU rDNA, nuLSU rDNA, and RPB1), to improve our understanding of the phylogeny and classification in the Peltigerales, as well as the evolution of morphological characters that have been used for classification purposes in this group. The Collemataceae and the non-gelatinous Pannariaceae are paraphyletic but can be re-circumscribed as monophyletic if Leciophysma, Physma, Ramalodium and Staurolemma are transferred to the Pannariaceae. The gelatinous taxa transferred to the Pannariaceae deviate from other Collemataceae in having simple ascospores, and several also have a ring-shaped exciple as in other Pannariaceae, rather than the disc-shaped exciple found in the typical Collemataceae. Both Collema and Leptogium are non-monophyletic. The re-circumscribed Collemataceae shares a distinct ascus type with the sister group Placynthiaceae and the Coccocarpiaceae, whereas Pannariaceae includes a variety of structures. All Pannariaceae have one-celled ascospores, whereas all Collemataceae have two- or multi-celled spores. Reconstructions of the number of character state transformations in exciple structure, thallus gelatinosity, and ascus apex structure indicate that the number of transformations is distinctly higher than the minimum possible. Most state transformations in the exciple took place from a ring-shaped to a disc-shaped exciple. Depending on the reconstruction method, most or all transformations in thallus structure took place from a non-gelatinous to a gelatinous thallus. Gains and losses of internal structures in the ascus apex account for all or a vast majority of the number of transformations in the ascus, whereas direct transformations between asci with internal structures appear to have been rare.

A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae

Phylogenetic studies have shown the need for a revised circumscription of generic boundaries in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae). Using a four-marker dataset from a recently published phylogeny of Collemataceae, we tested the monophyly of ten morphologically well-characterized groups. To achieve this, we performed Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. The monophyly of the ten morphological groups was confirmed. In order to reconcile molecular and morphological data into a formal classification, we here propose new generic delimitations in Collemataceae. Collema and Leptogium are re-circumscribed and six old generic names are resurrected to accommodate the Collema Crispum-group (Blennothallia), the Collema Tenax-group (Enchylium), the Collema Cristatum-group (Lathagrium), the Collema Occultatum-group (Rostania), the former small Leptogium species (Scytinium), and Leptogium diffractum (Pseudoleptogium). In addition, two new genera are described to accommodate Collema multipartitum (Callome) and the Collema Italicum-group (Paracollema). The presence/absence of a eucortex, which was earlier used as the cardinal character to define genera in the family, is still useful, but only in combination with other traits such as thallus habit (size), lobe size, ascospore characteristics, thallus anatomical structure, and habitat preference. A key to the genera is provided. Lectotypes are designated for Collema marginale Hoffm., Synechoblastus nigrescens (Huds.) Trevis., Eucollema (Cromb.) Horw., Collema section Enchylium Ach., Collema section Lathagrium Ach., Collema sect. Mallotium Ach., Collema section Scytinium Ach., Collemodium Nyl. ex Lamy, and Homodium Nyl. ex Olivier.

Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

Sport for Children and Youth in the Scandinavian Countries

In the course of less than 100 years, childrens sport in the Scandinavian countries has been going through a remarkable transition. By the turn of the twentieth century, voluntary sport participation was primarily an adult domain, and childrens opportunities for participation were generally limited to a small selection of sports and primarily through the public school system. Today, childrens sport is an important public health and welfare issue in all of the Scandinavian countries, and children are far more sport active than adults, and the majority of childrens sports participation takes place in voluntary sport clubs or in commercial sport settings. The comparative analyses show that the states of Denmark, Norway and Sweden have willingly and frequently sought to regulate school sport. By contrast, traditions regarding the voluntary sport organizations have been much more diverse and ranged from heavy interference in Norway to almost no interference in Denmark.

Massalongiaceae fam. nov., an overlooked monophyletic group among the cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)

Massalongiaceae fam. nov., an overlooked monophyletic group among the cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota

Vahliellaceae, a new family of cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes)

The recently described genus Vahliella (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes) has repeatedly appeared outside the Pannariaceae in molecular phylogenies. Here we include data from additional species of the gen ...

New combinations and synonyms in the Lichinaceae

The following new combinations are made: Anema cernohorskyi (Servit) Henssen, A. prodigulum (Nyl.) Henssen, Cryptothelelaatokkaensis (Vainio) Henssen, C. rhodosticta (Taylor) Henssen, Gonohymenia heppii (Mull. Arg.) Henssen, G. iodopulchra (Crozals) Henssen, G. minnesotensis (Fink) Henssen, G. polyspora (Magnusson) Henssen, G. schleicheri (Hepp) Henssen, Metamelanea caesiella (Th. Fr.) Henssen, Paulia myriocarpa (Zahlbr.) Henssen, P. pyrenoides (Nyl.) Henssen, P. schroederi (Zahlbr.) Henssen, Peccania arabica (Mull. Arg.) Henssen, P. teretiuscula (Flagey) Henssen, P. tiruncula (Nyl.) Henssen, Pterygiopsis coracodiza (Nyl.) Henssen, P. umbilicaia (Vezda) Henssen, Thelignya groenlandica (Dahl) Henssen, T. Hgnyota (Wahlenb.) P. M. Jorg. & Henssen, Thyrea pachyphylla (Mull. Arg.) Henssen, T. pachyphylla var. laxa (Mull. Arg.) Henssen. The following new names (one as a new species) were found necessary: Pyrenopsis haematina P. M. Jorg. & Henssen and Thyrea confusa Henssen. New synonyms are given for several names. The world-wide distribution of the genera Phloeopeccania and Pterygiopsis is mentioned.

Studies on some Leptogium species of Western Europe

The Leptogium azureum group in Europe is revised. Leptogium britannicum sp. nov., a species growing among grass on coastal rocks, is described. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont. is shown to be absent from Europe, most of the material so named is Leptogium cochleatum (Dickson) comb. nov. Leptogium rivulare (Ach.) Mont. and Leptogium corticola (Tayl.) Tuck. are shown to have very limited distributional areas in central Sweden and the north-west U.S.S.R., and northern Italy and northern Yugoslavia respectively; both are in danger of extinction. The nomenclature of all species, including also Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Korber, is discussed. Leptogium juressianum C. Tav., a species of the Leptogium lichenoides -group with hairs on the upper surface, is reported from south-west Ireland; the first record since it was described from Portugal.

Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae X. The lichen genus Protopannaria in the subantarctic islands.

Abstract The lichen genus Protopannaria is defined as different from Pannaria , being a bipolar taxon with three (of four) species in the subantarctic region: P. austro-orcadensis (Ovst.) comb. nov. in the western part and P. alcicornis P.M. Jorg. & R.S. Poulsen sp. nov. as well as P. azorellae P.M. Jorg. & R.S. Poulsen sp. nov. in the eastern one (Kerguelen), showing the greatest diversity there.