Pete Stelling

The InVEST Volcanic Concept Survey: Exploring Student Understanding about Volcanoes.

Results from the Volcanic Concept Survey (VCS) indicated that many undergraduates do not fully understand volcanic systems and plate tectonics. During the 2006 academic year, a ten-item conceptual survey was distributed to undergraduate students enrolled in Earth science courses at five U.S. colleges and universities. A trained team of graders scored 672 completed surveys, coding responses to each item with a score, out of 3, based on accuracy and comprehensiveness. Questions requiring only basic content knowledge (e.g., terminology, volcano topology) received more high scoring responses than questions requiring higher thinking and deeper conceptual connections (association with plate tectonics, prediction of hazards and impacts on the environment). The mechanics of eruptions also appeared to be poorly understood. Special attention was paid to students’ alternate conceptions about where volcanoes are likely to form. Male students, students highly interested in science, and students who lived in a volcanically active area received significantly higher total scores than other student groups. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors also performed significantly better than non-STEM majors. Understanding the nature of student comprehension and misconception may be useful for geoscience educators seeking to address student preconceptions and promote conceptual change.

Eruption and Deposition of the Fisher Tuff (Alaska): Evidence for the Evolution of Pyroclastic Flows

Recognition that the Fisher Tuff (Unimak Island, Alaska) was deposited on the leeside of an ∼500–700‐m‐high mountain range (Tugamak Range) more than 10 km away from its source played a major role in defining pyroclastic flows as momentum‐driven currents. We reexamined the Fisher Tuff to evaluate whether deposition from expanded turbulent clouds can better explain its depositional features. We studied the tuff at 89 sites and sieved bulk samples from 27 of those sites. We find that the tuff consists of a complex sequence of deposits that record the evolution of the eruption from a buoyant plume (22 km) that deposited ∼0.2 km3 of dacite magma as a pyroclastic fall layer to erupting ∼10–100 km3 of andesitic magma as Scoria‐rich pyroclastic falls and flows that were mainly deposited to the north and northwest of the caldera, including those in valleys within the Tugamak Range. The distribution of the flow deposits and their welding, internal stratification, and the occurrence of lithic breccia all suggest that the pyroclastic flows were fed from a fountaining column that vented from an inclined conduit, the first time such a conduit has been recognized during a large‐volume caldera eruption. Pyroclastic flow deposits before and after the mountain range and thin veneer deposits high in the range are best explained by a flow that was stratified into a dense undercurrent and an overriding dilute turbulent cloud, from which deposition before the range was mainly from the undercurrent. When the flow ran into the mountain range, however, the undercurrent was blocked, but the turbulent cloud continued on. As the flow continued north, it restratified, forming another undercurrent. The Fisher Tuff thus records the passing of a flow that was significantly higher (800–1100 m thick) than the mountain range and thus did not require excessive momentum.

V-Volcano: Addressing Students' Misconceptions in Earth Sciences Learning through Virtual Reality Simulations

Research in teaching and learning about Earth Sciences indicates that first year geology students not only lack knowledge about basic concepts, but that they may also have developed their own potentially incorrect explanations of those phenomena. Understanding volcanic concepts is one of the areas in which noticeable misconceptions occur, as a significant number of students seem to acquire their knowledge from non-traditional sources such as sensationalist media and catastrophic films. This paper presents V-Volcano, a virtual reality volcano activity learning environment that immerses students in a scientifically-accurate simulation of volcanic systems. Students are able to generate and manipulate volcanic eruptions in real-time with data monitoring to explore the effects of changing conditions. The goal is to provide a geoscience tool that can be used to correct student misunderstandings about volcanic phenomena.

Floods, Faults, and Fire

The ten geological field guides presented in this volume explore key areas of the geologist’s Paradise that is Washington State and British Columbia. These trips investigate a wide variety of geologic and geographic terrains, from the dry steppe of the channeled scablands and Columbia River basalt group to the east, across the glaciated and forested Cascade arc and Coast Mountains, to the geologically complex islands in the west. This guidebook may be unique in that four of the trips utilize boats to reach remote field areas and are therefore rarely visited by geologists. Although these trips were guided during the 2007 GSA Cordilleran Section meeting, the guides were written to ensure that people can easily guide their own trips. The result provides an excellent source of exciting, thought-provoking geologic adventures for years to come.

Volcanic Experimentation: Using Mentos and Soda to Teach Causal Research in a Marketing Research Class.

The reaction that occurs when Mentos are added to bottled soft drinks has become a staple demonstration in earth science courses to explain how volcanoes erupt. This paper presents how this engaging exercise can be used in a marketing research course to provide hands-on experience with problem formation, hypothesis testing, and causal research. A detailed description of the process is provided, including a preliminary think-pair-share activity, hypothesis development, experimental design, and execution. Postmortem discussion guidelines that reinforce the linkage between the activity and course learning objectives are included.