Peter Bach Andersen

Application of a specificity ofMucor miehei lipase to concentrate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Lipases catalyze the reesterification or hydrolysis of fats and oils and may show specificity towards certain fatty acids. An immobilized lipase from the fungusMucor miehei shows specificity towards docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (DHA being a poor substrate), whether the DHA is used as a free fatty acid (FFA) as substrate in esterification with methanol, or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is used as a substrate for hydrolysis. The specificity of the lipase fromM. miehei may be applied to concentrate DHA originating from a marine oil in either the FAME or the FFA fraction, which can be separated.

Electric vehicle fleet integration in the danish EDISON project - A virtual power plant on the island of Bornholm

The Danish EDISON project has been launched to investigate how a large fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) can be integrated in a way that supports the electric grid while benefitting both the individual car owners and society as a whole through reductions in CO2 emissions. The consortium partners include energy companies, technology suppliers and research laboratories and institutes. The aim is to perform a thorough investigation of the challenges and opportunities of EVs and then to deliver a technical platform that can be demonstrated on the Danish island of Bornholm. To reach this goal, a vast amount of research is done in various areas of EV technology by the partners. This paper will focus on the ICT-based distributed software integration, which plays a major role for the success of EDISON. Key solution technologies and standards that will accommodate communication and optimize the coordination of EVs will be described as well as the simulation work that will help to reach the goals of the project.

Prediction and optimization methods for electric vehicle charging schedules in the EDISON project

Smart charging, where the charging of an electric vehicle battery is delayed or advanced in time based on energy costs, grid capacity or renewable contents, has a great potential for increasing the value of the electric vehicle to the owner, the grid and society as a whole. The Danish EDISON project has been launched to investigate various areas relevant to electric vehicle integration. As part of EDISON an electric vehicle aggregator has been developed to demonstrate smart charging of electric vehicles. The emphasis of this paper is the mathematical methods on which the EDISON aggregator is based. This includes an analysis of the problem of EV driving prediction and charging optimization, a description of the mathematical models implemented and an evaluation of the accuracy of such models. Finally, additional optimization considerations as well as possible future extensions will be explored. This paper hopes to contribute to the field of EV integration by coupling optimized EV charging coordination with the EV utilization predictions on which the former heavily relies.

Analysis of voltage support by electric vehicles and photovoltaic in a real Danish low voltage network

With conventional generating units being replaced by renewable sources which are not required to provide same high level of ancillary services, there is an increasing need for additional resources to achieve certain standards regarding frequency and voltage. This paper investigates the potential of incorporating electric vehicles (EVs) in a low voltage distribution network with high penetration of photovoltaic installations (PVs), and focuses on analysing potential voltage support functions from EVs and PVs. In addition, the paper evaluates the benefits that reactive power control may provide with addressing the issues regarding voltage control at the expense of increased loading. Analysed real Danish low voltage network has been modelled in Matlab SimPowerSystems and is based on consumption and PV production data measured individually for number of households.

Enhancing the Role of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid: Field Validation of Multiple Ancillary Services

With increased penetration of distributed energy resources and electric vehicles (EVs), different EV integration strategies can be used for mitigating various adverse effects, and supporting the grid. However, the research regarding EV smart charging has mostly remained on simulations, whereas the experimental validation has rarely been touched upon. This paper focuses mainly on evaluating the technical feasibility of a series-produced EV to provide flexibility in real distribution grids. The implemented controller uses contemporary and widely supported standards for limiting the EV charging rate, which essentially means that it is applicable to any EV complying with IEC 61851 and SAE J1772 standards. The field test validation is conducted in a real Danish distribution grid with a Nissan Leaf providing three ancillary services through unidirectional ac charging, namely, congestion management, local voltage support, and primary frequency regulation. Several performance parameters, such as EV response time and accuracy, are assessed and benchmarked with current requirements. Ultimately, this paper aims to strengthen the applied research within the EV integration domain through validating smart grid concepts on original standard-compliant equipment.

Business Models and Control and Management Architectures for EV Electrical Grid Integration

This chapter presents the main control architectures and management schemes to accommodate an intelligent EV operation in the power system. The main issues related to EV electrical grid integration consider the capabilities of an EV to offer a number of grid services, while taking into account the EV battery constraints. Grid services by EVs are possible if a number of requirements involving the vehicle architecture and its communication capabilities are met. Given this background, each EV can play a key role in the grid and this is possible using different business models. Three business models by three major EV projects are discussed and compared.

Implementation and demonstration of grid frequency support by V2G enabled electric vehicle

Safe operation of the electric power system relies on conventional power stations. In addition to providing electrical energy to the network, some power stations also provide a number of ancillary services for the grid stability. These services could potentially be provided by the growing number of electric vehicles - faster and with better precision, using Vehicle-to-Grid technology. This paper explores the implementation of a system that demonstrates the use of the electric vehicles for providing frequency regulation in the Danish power grid. The system is tested with the use case of Primary Frequency Regulation. The service is implemented following the technical conditions for ancillary services in the Danish grid. The real life system is developed using Web-centric communication technologies between the components. Communication and control functions of the system are validated through experiments. The response of the system is studied in terms of latency, precision and stability.

Concurrent provision of frequency regulation and overvoltage support by electric vehicles in a real Danish low voltage network

Expected deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces big technical challenges for power system operation, but also offers advantages provided that EVs are not considered merely as passive loads. With the development of Vehicle-to-Grid technology, EVs will be able to provide a number of ancillary services for grid support, e.g. implemented electronic equipment will allow them to exchange reactive power with the grid for voltage regulation while using active power for other services. This paper investigates the concurrent provision of local and system wide services from EVs in a real Danish low voltage network with high penetration of photovoltaic installations (PVs). The main focus is potential reactive power support when EV provision of frequency regulation coincides with PV production. Furthermore, the paper evaluates benefits of overvoltage support and addresses the issue of increased loading. The analysed network has been modelled in Matlab SimPowerSystems and is based on real hourly metered data from a Danish MV/LV substation with numerous households.

Multiphoton imaging with a novel compact diode‐pumped Ti:sapphire oscillator

Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy commonly relies on bulky and expensive femtosecond lasers. We integrated a novel minimal‐footprint Ti:sapphire oscillator, pumped by a frequency‐doubled distributed Bragg reflector tapered diode laser, into a clinical multiphoton tomograph and evaluated its imaging capability using different biological samples, i.e. cell monolayers, corneal tissue, and human skin. With the novel laser, the realization of very compact Ti:sapphire‐based systems for high‐quality multiphoton imaging at a significantly size and weight compared to current systems will become possible. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:1154–1158, 2015.

A dynamic behaviour analysis on the frequency control capability of electric vehicles

The paper presents results of a study on the dynamic response of Electric Vehicles (EV) when participating in frequency control of an islanded system. The following cases were considered: when there is no EV performing frequency control, when the EV participates in primary frequency control and when the EV participates in both primary and secondary frequency control. Different parameters are tested in various combinations, and their influence on frequency deviation as well as power and energy provided by the EV with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability is shown.