Peter Brusilovsky

Adaptive Hypermedia

Adaptive hypermedia is a relatively new direction of research on the crossroads of hypermedia and user modeling. Adaptive hypermedia systems build a model of the goals, preferences and knowledge of each individual user, and use this model throughout the interaction with the user, in order to adapt to the needs of that user. The goal of this paper is to present the state of the art in adaptive hypermedia at the eve of the year 2000, and to highlight some prospects for the future. This paper attempts to serve both the newcomers and the experts in the area of adaptive hypermedia by building on an earlier comprehensive review (Brusilovsky, 1996; Brusilovsky, 1998).

Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia

Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction of research within the area of adaptive and user model-based interfaces. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) systems build a model of the individual user and apply it for adaptation to that user, for example, to adapt the content of a hypermedia page to the users knowledge and goals, or to suggest the most relevant links to follow. AH systems are used now in several application areas where the hyperspace is reasonably large and where a hypermedia application is expected to be used by individuals with different goals, knowledge and backgrounds. This paper is a review of existing work on adaptive hypermedia. The paper is centered around a set of identified methods and techniques of AH. It introduces several dimensions of classification of AH systems, methods and techniques and describes the most important of them.

The Adaptive Web

I. Modeling Technologies.- User Models for Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Educational Systems.- User Profiles for Personalized Information Access.- Data Mining for Web Personalization.- Generic User Modeling Systems.- Web Document Modeling.- II. Adaptation Technologies.- Personalized Search on the World Wide Web.- Adaptive Focused Crawling.- Adaptive Navigation Support.- Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems.- Content-Based Recommendation Systems.- Case-Based Recommendation.- Hybrid Web Recommender Systems.- Adaptive Content Presentation for the Web.- Adaptive 3D Web Sites.- III. Applications.- Adaptive Information for Consumers of Healthcare.- Personalization in E-Commerce Applications.- Adaptive Mobile Guides.- Adaptive News Access.- IV. Challenges.- Adaptive Support for Distributed Collaboration.- Recommendation to Groups.- Privacy-Enhanced Web Personalization.- Open Corpus Adaptive Educational Hypermedia.- Semantic Web Technologies for the Adaptive Web.- Usability Engineering for the Adaptive Web.

Adaptive and Intelligent Web-based Educational Systems

Currently, Web-based educational systems form one of the fastest growing areas in educational technology research and development. Benefits of Web-based education are independence of teaching and learning with respect to time and space. Courseware installed and maintained in one place may be used by a huge number of users all over the world. A challenging research goal is the development of adaptive and intelligent Web-based educational systems (W-AIES) that offer some amount of adaptivity and intelligence.

Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems

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User models for adaptive hypermedia and adaptive educational systems

One distinctive feature of any adaptive system is the user model that represents essential information about each user. This chapter complements other chapters of this book in reviewing user models and user modeling approaches applied in adaptive Web systems. The presentation is structured along three dimensions: what is being modeled, how it is modeled, and how the models are maintained. After a broad overview of the nature of the information presented in these various user models, the chapter focuses on two groups of approaches to user model representation and maintenance: the overlay approach to user model representation and the uncertainty-based approach to user modeling.

Web-based education for all: a tool for development adaptive courseware

Abstract Many Web-based educational applications are expected to be used by very different groups of users without the assistance of a human teacher. Accordingly there is a need for systems which can adapt to users with very different backgrounds, prior knowledge of the subject and learning goals. An electronic textbook is one of the most prominent varieties of Web-based educational systems. In this paper we describe an approach for developing adaptive textbooks and present InterBook—an authoring tool based on this approach which simplifies the development of adaptive electronic textbooks on the Web.

ELM-ART: An Intelligent Tutoring System on World Wide Web

Making ITS available on the World Wide Web (WWW) is a way to integrate the flexibility and intelligence of ITS with world-wide availability of WWW applications. This paper discusses the problems of developing WWW-available ITS and, in particular, the problem of porting existing ITS to a WWW platform. We present the system ELM-ART which is a WWW-based ITS to support learning programming in Lisp. ELM-ART demonstrates how several known ITS technologies can be implemented in WWW context.

From adaptive hypermedia to the adaptive web

Web systems suffer from an inability to satisfy heterogeneous needs of many users. A remedy for the negative effects of the traditional “one-size-fits-all” approach is to develop systems with an ability to adapt their behavior to the goals, tasks, interests, and other features of individual users and groups of users. Adaptive Web is a relatively young research area. Started in with a few pioneering works on adaptive hypertext in early 1990, it now attracts many researchers from different communities such as hypertext, user modeling, machine learning, natural language generation, information retrieval, intelligent tutoring systems, cognitive science, and Web-based education. Currently, the established application areas of adaptive Web systems are education, information retrieval, and kiosk-style information systems. A number of more recent projects are also exploring new application areas such as e-commerce, medicine, and tourism. While research-level systems constitute the majority of adaptive Web systems, a few successful industrial systems show the commercial potential of the field. This talk will review a number of adaptation techniques that have been developed and evaluated in the field of adaptive hypermedia and applied in adaptive Web systems. It will also present several examples of adaptive Web systems in different application areas. To answer the conference motto “interaction in motion” the talk will specially address the issue of developing adaptive systems for ubiquitous computing and mobile Web. It will discuss the needs and challenges of “adaptation in motion” and present some known success stories.

Adaptive hypermedia: from systems to framework

The navigational freedom in conventional hypermedia applications leads to comprehension and orientation problems (Nielsen 1990). Adaptive hypermedia attempts to overcome these problems by adapting the presentation of information and the overall link structure, based on a user model. This paper introduces a framework for adaptive hypermedia systems (AHS). It briefly describes some popular methods and techniques for adaptation. Examples and evaluations of existing AHS are used to illustrate the potential benefits of using adaptation in hypermedia applications.