Peter G. Kirira

Anti-parasitic activity and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal plants from Kenya.

Indigenous rural communities in the tropics manage parasitic diseases, like malaria and leishmaniasis, using herbal drugs. The efficacy, dosage, safety and active principles of most of the herbal preparations are not known. Extracts from 6 selected plant species, used as medicinal plants by indigenous local communities in Kenya, were screened for in vitro anti-plasmodial and anti-leishmanial activity, against 2 laboratory-adapted Plasmodium falciparum isolates (D6, CQ-sensitive and W2, CQ-resistant) and Leishmania major (IDU/KE/83=NLB-144 strain), respectively. The methanol extract of Suregada zanzibariensis leaves exhibited good anti-plasmodial activity (IC(50) 4.66+/-0.22 and 1.82+/-0.07 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extracts of Albizia coriaria (IC(50) 37.83+/-2.11 microg/ml for D6) and Aspergillus racemosus (32.63+/-2.68 and 33.95+/-2.05 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively) had moderate anti-plasmodial activity. Acacia tortilis (IC(50) 85.73+/-3.36 microg/ml for W2) and Albizia coriaria (IC(50) 71.17+/-3.58 microg/ml for W2) methanol extracts and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis (IC(50) 87.70+/-2.98 and 67.84+/-2.12 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively) water extract exhibited mild anti-plasmodial activity. The rest of the extracts did not exhibit any anti-plasmodial activity. Although the leishmanicidal activity of extracts were lower than for pentosam (80%), reasonable activity was observed for Aloe nyeriensis methanol (68.4+/-6.3%), Albizia coriara water (66.7+/-5.0%), Maytenus putterlickoides methanol (60.0+/-6.23%), Asparagus racemosus methanol and water (58.3+/-8.22 and 56.8+/-6.58%, respectively), Aloe nyeriensis water (53.3+/-5.1%) and Acacia tortilis water (52.9+/-6.55%) extracts at 1000 microg/ml. Leishmania major infected macrophages treated with methanol extracts of Suregada zanzibariensis and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis and pentostam had infection rates of 28+/-2.11, 30+/-1.22 and 40+/-3.69%, respectively at 1000 microg/ml, indicating better anti-leishmanial activity for the extracts. The methanol extract of Albizia coriara (44.0+/-3.69%) and aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus (42+/-3.84%) and Acacia tortilis (44+/-5.59%) had similar activity to pentosam. Multiplication indices for Leishmania major amastigotes treated with methanol extracts of Albizia coriaria, Suregada zanzibariensis and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis, aqueous extract of Acacia tortilis and pentosam were 28.5+/-1.43, 29.4+/-2.15, 31.1+/-2.22, 35.9+/-3.49 and 44.0+/-3.27%, respectively, at 1000 microg/ml, confirming better anti-leishmanial activity for the extracts. Aqueous extracts of Aloe nyeriensis (46.7+/-3.28%) and Albizia coriaria (47.5+/-3.21%) had similar activity level to pentosam. The plant extracts have better inhibitory activity while pentosam has better leishmanicidal activity. All extracts exhibited very low cytotoxicity (CC(50) > 500 microg/ml) against human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cells. The investigations demonstrated the efficacy and safety of some extracts of plants that are used by rural indigenous communities for the treatment of parasitic diseases.

Anti-plasmodial activity of the extracts of some Kenyan medicinal plants.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The spread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains necessitates search for alternative newer drugs for use against malaria. Medicinal plants used traditionally in preparation of herbal medicines for malaria are potential source of new anti-malarial drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the anti-plasmodial potential of twelve plants used in preparing herbal remedies for malaria in Kilifi and Tharaka districts of Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve plants used traditionally for anti-malarial therapy in Kilifi and Tharaka districts were extracted with water/methanol yielding twenty-three extracts. The extracts were tested against chloroquine sensitive (NF54) and resistant (ENT30) P. falciparum strains in vitro using (3)Hypoxanthine assay. RESULTS Seven (30%) extracts showed activity against P. falciparum with IC(50) values below 20 microg/ml. The remaining 16 extracts showed low or no activity. The most active extracts were from Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Rutaceae) with an IC(50) value of 3.65 microg/ml, Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae) with 4.84mug/ml, and Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) with 5.85 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed plants, that are potential sources of anti-malarial compounds. Anti-plasmodial activities of extracts of T. simplicifolia, C. pareira, and C. articulatus are reported for the first time.