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Theoretical and Applied Genetics | 1967

The interaction of selection and linkage III synergistic effect of blocks of genes

R. C. Lewontin; Peter Hull

SummaryWe have examined the effect of selection in populations when the genes controlling the selected character do not have uniform recombination relations. In particular we have examined the outcome of selection for an intermediate optimum phenotype controlled by two blocks of genes additive within blocks, but multiplicative between blocks. This is analogous to “main effect” genes and “modifiers”. The question examined was what effect linkage structures of these groups had on the changes in gene frequency and rate of advance under selection.The results of replicated Monte Carlo runs of large populations at three intensities of selection were:1.A tightly linked block of genes maintains genes in intermediate gene frequencies, undergoes rapid selections of balanced gametic types and shows a very rapid rise in fitness followed by a long period of plateau at a fairly high fitness value.2.A loosely linked block of genes goes to fixation of balanced numbers of loci at q=0.0 and q=1.00. This results in a slower rise in fitness but a higher plateau, nearly at a fitness of unity.3.When one block of genes is tightly linked and the other loosely linked the effects of each type of block are exaggerated. The loosely linked genes go to fixation more rapidly, the tightly linked genes stay closer to intermediate values, fitness rises more quickly than for loosely linked genes but goes to a higher platean than for tightly linked genes.ZusammenfassungEs wurde der Selektionseffekt in Populationen untersucht, wenn Gene, die das selektierte Merkmal kontrollieren, keine einheitlichen Rekombinationsbeziehungen haben. Insbesondere haben wir das Selektionsergebnis für einen intermediären optimalen Phänotyp, der durch zwei Genblöcke bestimmt wird, untersucht, wobei Additivität innerhalb der Blöcke, aber Multiplikativität zwischen den Blöcken gilt. Dies entspricht „Haupteffekt“-Genen und „modifizierenden“ Genen. Die zu klärende Frage lautete: Welchen Einfluß übt die Koppelungsstruktur dieser Gengruppen auf die Änderung der Genhäufigkeit und auf die Fortschrittsgeschwindigkeit während der Selektion aus.Die Ergebnisse wiederholter Monte-Carlo-Simulationen großer Populationen bei drei Selektionsintensitäten waren:1.Ein eng gekoppelter Genblock hält die Gene bei mittleren Genhäufigkeiten, unterzieht sich schnellen Selektionen balancierter Gametentypen und zeigt einen sehr schnellen Anstieg der Anpassung, dem ein langer Abschnitt bei ziemlich hohem gleichbleibendem Anpassungswert folgt.2.Ein locker gekoppelter Genblock neigt zur Fixierung einer balancierten Anzahl von Loci bei q=0.0 und q=1.00. Dies geschieht bei einem langsameren Anstieg der Anpassung, aber zu einem höheren Plateau, etwa in der Nähe von eins.3.Ist ein Genblock eng, der andere locker gekoppelt, so wird der Effekt jedes Blocktypes verstärkt. Die locker gekoppelten Gene kommen schneller zur Fixierung, die eng gekoppelten Gene bleiben dichter bei Zwischenwerten, die Anpassung steigt rascher als für locker gekoppelte Gene an und erreicht ein höheres Plateau als für eng gekoppelte Gene.


Archive | 2015

IsoLATEing: Identifying Counterfactual-Specific Treatment Effects with Cross-Stratum Comparisons

Peter Hull

Instrumental variables (IV) estimates of causal effects can be difficult to interpret when the counterfactual to treatment mixes multiple alternatives. I explore identification of multiple counterfactual-specific local average treatment effects from a single quasi-experiment using interactions of an instrument with stratifying controls. I derive the general form of such IV estimands and establish identification under mean-independence of complier treatment effects with respect to the stratification. Under weaker conditional independence assumptions, identification is achieved with a novel non-parametric weighting approach. I use this framework to estimate the returns to GED certification in a sample that includes individuals who would otherwise obtain a traditional high school diploma as well as those who would otherwise drop out. The theoretical results may also offer a strategy to adjust for endogenous attrition in randomized trials; I illustrate this through a re-analysis of the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.


The American Economic Review | 2011

Credit Ratings and Security Prices in the Subprime MBS Market

Adam B. Ashcraft; Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham; Peter Hull; James I. Vickery


The American Economic Review | 2016

Charters Without Lotteries: Testing Takeovers in New Orleans and Boston

Atila Abdulkadiroglu; Joshua D. Angrist; Peter Hull; Parag A. Pathak


Journal of Development Economics | 2013

Economic shocks and civil conflict: Evidence from foreign interest rate movements☆

Peter Hull; Masami Imai


7th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists | 2018

Estimating Hospital Quality with Quasi-experimental Data

Peter Hull


The American Economic Review | 2016

Interpreting Tests of School VAM Validity

Joshua D. Angrist; Peter Hull; Parag A. Pathak; Christopher R. Walters


Quarterly Journal of Economics | 2017

Erratum to “Leveraging Lotteries for School Value-Added: Testing and Estimation”

Joshua D. Angrist; Peter Hull; Parag A. Pathak; Christopher R. Walters


National Bureau of Economic Research | 2015

Leveraging Lotteries for School Value-Added: Testing and Estimation

Joshua D. Angrist; Peter Hull; Parag A. Pathak; Christopher R. Walters


Economics Bulletin | 2012

Does taxation on banks mean taxation on bank-dependent borrowers?

Masami Imai; Peter Hull

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Joshua D. Angrist

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Parag A. Pathak

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Adam B. Ashcraft

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

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James I. Vickery

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

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Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

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