Peter J. Jankowski

Quest and Spiritual Development Moderated by Spiritual Transformation

A relational model of spirituality and transformation (Shults & Sandage, 2006; Sandage & Shults, 2007) based on the dialectic of spiritual dwelling and seeking (Wuthnow, 1998) was tested in a sample of Christian graduate seminary students (N = 181). Spiritual dwelling was operationalized using a developmental measure of realistic acceptance (RA)(Hall & Edwards, 2002), and spiritual seeking was measured with the Quest Scale (Batson & Schoenrade, 1991a, 1991b). Results included modest positive correlations between Quest and Spiritual Instability, Spiritual Disappointment, and Mental Health Symptoms and modest negative correlations between both RA and Mental Health Symptoms. The report of a recent spiritual transformation moderated the curvilinear relationship between Quest and RA supporting the relational spirituality model. Implications are considered for future research on dialectical understandings of spiritual development and for training programs in the helping professions.

Differentiation-based models of forgivingness, mental health and social justice commitment: Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility

The present study tested theoretical models of the forgivingness – well-being association with depression symptoms and social justice commitment as outcome measures and with differentiation of self (DoS) and dispositional humility as mediators. In doing so, we addressed the need to explicitly frame the study of virtues in a relational view of the self and extended the research on forgivingness and humility that moves beyond a focus on personal benefit and attends to the ways in which virtues also benefit other persons. The sample consisted of 213 graduate students from a religiously-affiliated university who completed a questionnaire of self-report measures. Results supported the proposed models as significant specific indirect effects were observed through DoS and humility. The findings support a self-regulating mechanism, as measured by DoS and dispositional humility, for the protective influence of forgivingness on depression symptoms and the promotive influence of forgivingness on prosocial relating.

Attachment to God and Humility: Indirect Effect and Conditional Effects Models

The safe haven and secure base functions of attachment to God were examined in proposed indirect and conditional effects models. Support for the safe haven function stemmed from significant specific indirect effects between spiritual instability and dispositional humility through lowered differentiation of self, through increased insecure God attachment, and through both increased insecure attachment and lowered differentiation of self. A nonsignificant direct effect was also found. Partial support for the secure base function was observed as realistic acceptance moderated the association between religious exploration and dispositional humility. A significant negative association between exploration and humility was observed at lower levels of realistic acceptance, and the effect became nonsignificant and positive at highest levels of realistic acceptance. Implications for the conceptualization of humility are discussed, with particular attention to the framing of humility as a virtue of self-regulation.

Patterns of Self-Reported Alcohol Use, Depressive Symptoms, and Body Mass Index in a Family Sample: The Buffering Effects of Parentification

Although the impact of parentification on children and adolescents’ psychological health and outcomes has long been studied and well documented, little is known about the impact of parentification on children and adolescents’ physical health and medical outcomes. Moreover, the potential buffering effects of parentification have been examined very rarely. The data in the current study were collected from an understudied, high-priority adolescent population (N = 51 rural adolescent–parent dyads). The authors examined the bivariate relations between parent health (alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and body mass index [BMI]), adolescent health (alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and BMI), and parentification. The effect size of the significant bivariate correlations ranged from small to large (r = .29 to r = .62). Parentification was positively associated with parent BMI and adolescent depressive symptoms. Parent alcohol use was strongly associated with adolescent alcohol use. Regression analyses were performed to determine if parentification moderates the relation between parental health and adolescent health. Parentification was found to function as a buffer of the relation between parent alcohol use and adolescent alcohol use. Parentification did not function as a moderator of the relation between parent depressive symptoms and adolescent depressive symptoms nor in the relationship between parent BMI and adolescent BMI. However, parentification did moderate the association between parent alcohol use and adolescent depressive symptoms.

Religiosity, Intolerant Attitudes, and Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance

The latent construct of religiosity comprised measures of external, internal, and quest religiosity and was examined in relation to the latent construct of intolerant attitudes in a sample of undergraduate and graduate students at a Christian-affiliated university. The latent construct of intolerance included the indicators of rape and domestic violence myth acceptance, social dominance, dogmatism, and negative attitudes toward women. Multivariate results revealed significant negative correlations between internal and quest religiosity and indicators of intolerant attitudes, including the interpersonal violence myth acceptance scales. Quest religiosity also demonstrated unique univariate quadratic effects with both rape myth acceptance and domestic violence myth acceptance. Moderate levels of questing were associated with highest levels of interpersonal violence myth acceptance. Implications for the existing literature are discussed within the framework of a relational conceptualization of religiosity.

Spiritual dwelling and well-being: the mediating role of differentiation of self in a sample of distressed adults

The current study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between spiritual dwelling and well-being, with differentiation of self (DoS) as a mediator variable. The proposed model is informed by a theory of differentiation-based spirituality, and therefore examined the hypothesis that DoS would significantly mediate the relationship between spiritual dwelling and negative mood. It was also hypothesised that DoS would not mediate the relationship between spiritual dwelling and positive mood. Data were collected on a sample of distressed graduate students at a Protestant-affiliated university. Results supported the two hypotheses, thereby offering support for the differentiation-based spirituality premise that the mechanism by which spiritual dwelling is associated with well-being involves the capacity to regulate negative emotion. Findings are discussed within the context of existing mediation models in the literature and the implications for future research on DoS and spirituality.

Humility as a Predictor of Intercultural Competence Mediator Effects for Differentiation-of-Self

The present study tested two models of the association between humility, differentiation-of-self (DoS), and intercultural competence among graduate trainees in the helping professions. The sample consisted of 75 graduate students from a Protestant-affiliated university in the United States. Results indicated that DoS mediated the positive association between humility and intercultural competence. Results therefore supported a definition of intercultural competence as the ability to effectively navigate interpersonal difference. Implications are considered for training in intercultural competence within couple and family therapy.

Vulnerable narcissism, forgiveness, humility, and depression: Mediator effects for differentiation of self.

Vulnerable narcissism (VN), a central construct in Kohutian self-psychology, lags behind grandiose narcissism in the empirical research literature, yet a growing body of evidence suggests important implications for VN in relation to mental health and psychosocial functioning. Recent empirical research in the field of positive psychology has found negative associations between VN and the relational virtues of forgiveness and humility, while other studies have supported Kohut’s theorized connection between VN and depression. The current study tested a proposed theoretical model of the relations between VN and (a) interpersonal forgiveness, (b) humility, and (c) depression with differentiation of self (DoS) as a mediator of the effects in a sample of graduate students in the helping professions (N = 162) at a Protestant-affiliated university in the United States. VN was operationalized based on Self Psychology and utilizing measures of (a) idealization needs, (b) goal instability, and (c) hiding the self. The model in this study also draws on Kohutian and Bowenian understandings of DoS as an indicator of self-cohesion and capacities for self-regulation of emotions and interpersonal stress. Results based on Structural Equations Modeling supported the proposed theoretical model for 3 of the 4 measures of VN with DoS mediating the relationships between the predictor variables of approach idealization, goal instability, and hiding the self and the dependent variables of depression, forgiveness, and humility. The findings suggest the potential benefits of integrating research in psychoanalysis, family systems, and positive psychology. Implications are considered for future research, training of helping professionals, and clinical practice.

Attachment to God, adult attachment, and spiritual pathology: mediator and moderator effects

In this exploratory study, we examined moderated mediation models grounded in psychoanalytic and attachment theory regarding the correspondence between adult attachment and Divine–human relating in a sample of graduate students in the USA. Results supported the correspondence hypothesis as positive correlations between adult attachment dimensions and attachment to God dimensions were observed. An interaction effect was observed as spiritual grandiosity moderated the indirect effect between insecure adult attachment and insecure God attachment dimensions through spiritual instability. Results therefore provided support for the theoretical notion that spiritual dysregulation can function as a mechanism of the attachment correspondence that varies as a function of spiritual grandiosity. Findings are discussed in the context of advancing existing theory on implicit models of attachment correspondence and the nature of the association between spiritual insecurity and spiritual grandiosity.

Models of Psychopathology

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