Peter J. O'Rourke

The tab method for numerical calculation of spray droplet breakup

A short history is given of the major milestones in the development of the stochastic particle method for calculating liquid fuel sprays. The most recent advance has been the discovery of the importance of drop breakup in engine sprays. We present a new method, called the TAB method, for calculating drop breakup. Some theoretical properties of the method are derived; its numerical implementation in the computer program KIVA is described; and comparisons are presented between TAB-method calculations and experiments and calculations using another breakup model.

Statistical properties and numerical implementation of a model for droplet dispersion in a turbulent gas

Abstract We explore the statistical properties of a model proposed by Dukowicz for calculating the dispersion of spray droplets due to turbulent gas motions. The distributions of turbulent velocity and position changes are derived, making no assumptions concerning the relative magnitudes of the drag time, turbulence correlation time, and the time at which the distributions are evaluated. We also tell how the model is implemented in the computer program KIVA and give some computational examples.

A particle numerical model for wall film dynamics in port-injected engines

To help predict hydrocarbon emissions during cold-start conditions the authors are developing a numerical model for the dynamics and vaporization of the liquid wall films formed in port-injected spark-ignition engines and incorporating this model in the KIVA-3 code for complex geometries. This paper summarizes the current status of the project and presents illustrative example calculations. The dynamics of the wall film is influenced by interactions with the impinging spray, the wall, and the gas flow near the wall. The spray influences the film through mass, tangential momentum, and energy addition. The wall affects the film through the no-slip boundary condition and heat transfer. The gas alters film dynamics through tangential stresses and heat and mass transfer in the gas boundary layers above the films. New wall functions are given to predict transport in the boundary layers above the vaporizing films. It is assumed the films are sufficiently thin that film flow is laminar and that liquid inertial forces are negligible. Because liquid Prandtl numbers are typically about then, unsteady heating of the film should be important and is accounted for by the model. The thin film approximation breaks down near sharp corners, where an inertial separation criterion is used. A particle numerical method is used for the wall film. This has the advantages of compatibility with the KIVA-3 spray model and of very accurate calculation of convective transport of the film. The authors have incorporated the wall film model into KIVA-3, and the resulting combined model can be used to simulate the coupled port and cylinder flows in modern spark-ignition engines. They give examples by comparing computed fuel distributions with closed- and open-valve injection during the intake and compression strokes of a generic two-valve engine.

KIVA-A Comprehensive Model for 2-D and 3-D Engine Simulations

This paper summarizes a comprehensive numerical model that represents the spray dynamics, fluid flow, species transport, mixing, chemical reactions, and accompanying heat release that occur inside the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The model is embodied in the KIVA computer code. The code calculates both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) situations. It is an outgrowth of the earlier 2D CONCHAS-SPRAY computer program. Sample numerical calculations are presented to indicate the level of detail that is available from these simulations. These calculations are for a direct injection stratified charge engine with swirl. Both a 2D and a 3D example are shown.

The KIVA-II computer program for transient multidimensional chemically reactive flows with sprays

Since its public release in 1985, the KIVA computer program has been used for the time dependent analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays in two and three space dimensions. This paper describes some of the improvements to the original version that have been made since that time. The new code, called KIVA-II, is planned for public release in early 1988. KIVA-II improves the earlier version in the accuracy and efficiency of the computational procedure, the accuracy of the physics submodels, and in versatility and ease of use. Numerical improvements include the use of the ICE solution procedure in place of the acoustic subcycling method and the implementation of a quasi-second-order-accurate convection scheme. Major extensions to the physical submodels include the inclusion of an optical kappa-epsilon turbulence model, and several additions to the spray model. The authors illustrate some of the new capabilities by means of example solutions.

Comparisons of Computed and Measured Three-Dimensional Velocity Fields in a Motored Two-Stroke Engine

Computer simulations are compared with measurements of the three-dimensional, unsteady scavenging flows of a motored two-stroke engine. Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements were made on a modified Suzuki DT-85 ported engine. Calculations were performed using KIVA-3, a computer program that efficiently solves the intake and exhaust port flows along with those in the cylinder. Measured and computed cylinder pressures and velocities are compared. Pressures agree well over the cycle as do the velocities at the intake ports. In-cylinder velocities differ in detail, but the tumbling motion in the cylinder is well replicated in vertical plane passing through the cylinder axis. 20 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.

Three Dimensional Numerical Simulations of the UPS-292 Stratified Charge Engine

The authors present and analyze three-dimensional calculations of the spray, mixing and combustion in the UPS-292 stratified charge engine for three different operating conditions, corresponding to overall air-fuel ratios between 22.4 and 61.0. The numerical calculations are performed with KIVA, a multidimensional arbitrary-mesh, finite-difference hydrodynamics program for internal combustion engine applications. The calculations use a mesh of 10,000 computational cells. Each operating condition is calculated from intake valve closure at 118/sup 0/ BTDC to 90/sup 0/ ATDC and requires approximately three hours of CRAY-XMP computer time. Combustion occurs primarily in the wake of the spark plug, and to include the effects of the spark plug on the flow field, we use a novel internal obstacle treatment. The methodology, in which internal obstacles are represented by computational particles, promises to be applicable to the calculation of the flows around intake and exhaust valves.

The turn function and vorticity method for numerical fluid dynamics

A numerical method is presented that solves in a consistent fashion, conservation equations for both vorticity and linear momentum in multidimensional fluid-dynamics calculations. The equations are given in both two- and three-dimensional Cartesian geometry, and it is shown how the method can be easily implemented in a two-dimensional Eulerian fluid-dynamics code. The results of example calculations, which were performed with and without the new method, show the large errors that can arise when the vorticity equation is not solved in compressible flow calculations.

Improvements of the KIVA-II computer program for numerical combustion

This paper describes and illustrates the principal differences between the newly-released KIVA-II and the KIVA computer programs. Both programs are for the numerical calculation of two- and three-dimensional fluid flows with chemical reactions and sprays. Because of improvements to KIVA-II, it is faster, more accurate, and applicable to a wider variety of problems involving combustion and two-phase flow.