Péter Lévay

The black-hole/qubit correspondence: an up-to-date review

We give a review of the black-hole/qubit correspondence that incorporates not only the earlier results on black-hole entropy and entanglement measures, seven qubits and the Fano plane, wrapped branes as qubits and the attractor mechanism as a distillation procedure, but also newer material including error-correcting codes, Mermin squares, Freudenthal triples and four-qubit entanglement classification.

Three-qubit operators, the split Cayley hexagon of order two, and black holes

The set of 63 real generalized Pauli matrices of three-qubits can be factored into two subsets of 35 symmetric and 28 antisymmetric elements. This splitting is shown to be completely embodied in the properties of the Fano plane; the elements of the former set being in a bijective correspondence with the 7 points, 7 lines and 21 flags, whereas those of the latter set having their counterparts in 28 anti-flags of the plane. This representation naturally extends to the one in terms of the split Cayley hexagon of order two. 63 points of the hexagon split into 9 orbits of 7 points (operators) each under the action of an automorphism of order 7. 63 lines of the hexagon carry three points each and represent the triples of operators such that the product of any two gives, up to a sign, the third one. Since this hexagon admits a full embedding in a projective 5-space over GF(2), the 35 symmetric operators are also found to answer to the points of a Klein quadric in such space. The 28 antisymmetric matrices can be associated with the 28 vertices of the Coxeter graph, one of two distinguished subgraphs of the hexagon. The P SL2(7) subgroup of the automorphism group of the hexagon is discussed in detail and the Coxeter sub-geometry is found to be intricately related to the E7-symmetric black-hole entropy formula in string theory. It is also conjectured that the full geometry/symmetry of the hexagon should manifest itself in the corresponding black-hole solutions. Finally, an intriguing analogy with the case of Hopf sphere fibrations and a link with coding theory are briefly mentioned.

Stringy black holes and the geometry of entanglement

Recently striking multiple relations have been found between pure state 2 and 3-qubit entanglement and extremal black holes in string theory. Here we add further mathematical similarities which can be both useful in string and quantum information theory. In particular we show that finding the frozen values of the moduli in the calculation of the macroscopic entropy in the STU model, is related to finding the canonical form for a pure three-qubit entangled state defined by the dyonic charges. In this picture the extremization of the BPS mass with respect to moduli is connected to the problem of finding the optimal local distillation protocol of a GHZ state from an arbitrary pure three-qubit state. These results and a geometric classification of STU black holes BPS and non-BPS can be described in the elegant language of twistors. Finally an interesting connection between the black hole entropy and the average real entanglement of formation is established.

The Geometry of entanglement: Metrics, connections and the geometric phase

Using the natural connection equivalent to the SU(2) Yang?Mills instanton on the quaternionic Hopf fibration of S7over the quaternionic projective space HP1 S4 with an SU(2) S3 fibre, the geometry of entanglement for two qubits is investigated. The relationship between base and fibre i.e. the twisting of the bundle corresponds to the entanglement of the qubits. The measure of entanglement can be related to the length of the shortest geodesic with respect to the Mannoury?Fubini?Study metric on HP1 between an arbitrary entangled state, and the separable state nearest to it. Using this result, an interpretation of the standard Schmidt decomposition in geometric terms is given. Schmidt states are the nearest and furthest separable ones obtained by parallel transport along the geodesic passing through the entangled state. Some examples showing the correspondence between the anholonomy of the connection and entanglement via the geometric phase are shown. Connections with important notions such as the Bures metric and Uhlmanns connection, the hyperbolic structure for density matrices and anholonomic quantum computation are also pointed out.

Strings, black holes, the tripartite entanglement of seven qubits, and the Fano plane

Recently it has been observed that the group E{sub 7} can be used to describe a special type of quantum entanglement of seven qubits partitioned into seven tripartite systems. Here we show that this curious type of entanglement is entirely encoded into the discrete geometry of the Fano plane. We explicitly work out the details concerning a qubit interpretation of the E{sub 7} generators as representatives of tripartite protocols acting on the 56-dimensional representation space. Using these results we extend further the recently studied analogy between quantum information theory and supersymmetric black holes in four-dimensional string theory. We point out that there is a dual relationship between entangled subsystems containing three and four tripartite systems. This relationship is reflected in the structure of the expressions for the black hole entropy in the N=4 and N=2 truncations of the E{sub 7(7)} symmetric area form of N=8 supergravity. We conjecture that a similar picture based on other qubit systems might hold for black hole solutions in magic supergravities.

On the geometry of four-qubit invariants

The geometry of four-qubit entanglement is investigated. We replace some of the polynomial invariants for four qubits introduced recently by new ones of direct geometrical meaning. It is shown that these invariants describe four points, six lines and four planes in complex projective space CP3. For the generic entanglement class of stochastic local operations and classical communication they take a very simple form related to the elementary symmetric polynomials in four complex variables. Moreover, suitable powers of their magnitudes are entanglement monotones that fit nicely into the geometric set of n-qubit ones related to Grassmannians of l-planes found recently. We also show that in terms of these invariants the hyperdeterminant of order 24 in the four-qubit amplitudes takes a more instructive form than the previously published expressions available in the literature. Finally, in order to understand two-, three- and four-qubit entanglement in geometric terms we propose a unified setting based on CP3 furnished with a fixed quadric.

Elementary formula for entanglement entropies of fermionic systems

A generalized skew information is defined and a generalized uncertainty relation is established with the help of a trace inequality which was recently proven by Fujii. In addition, we prove the trace inequality conjectured by Luo and Zhang. Finally, we point out that Theorem 1 in S. Luo and Q. Zhang, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, pp. 1778-1782, no. 8, Aug. 2004 is incorrect in general, by giving a simple counter-example.An elementary formula for the von Neumann and Renyi entropies describing quantum correlations in two-fermionic systems having four single-particle states is presented. An interesting geometric structure of fermionic entanglement is revealed. A connection with the generalized Pauli principle is established.

STU black holes as four-qubit systems

In this paper we describe the structure of extremal stationary spherically symmetric black-hole solutions in the STU model of D=4, N=2 supergravity in terms of four-qubit systems. Our analysis extends the results of previous investigations based on three qubits. The basic idea facilitating this four-qubit interpretation is the fact that stationary solutions in D=4 supergravity can be described by dimensional reduction along the time direction. In this D=3 picture the global symmetry group SL(2,R){sup x3} of the model is extended by the Ehlers SL(2,R) accounting for the fourth qubit. We introduce a four-qubit state depending on the charges (electric, magnetic, and Newman-Unti-Tamburino), the moduli, and the warp factor. We relate the entanglement properties of this state to different classes of black-hole solutions in the STU model. In the terminology of four-qubit entanglement extremal black-hole solutions correspond to nilpotent, and nonextremal ones to semisimple states. In arriving at this entanglement-based scenario the role of the four algebraically independent four-qubit SL(2,C) invariants is emphasized.

Three-qubit interpretation of BPS and non-BPS STU black holes

Following the recent trend we develop further the black hole analogy between quantum information theory and the theory of extremal stringy black hole solutions. We show that the three-qubit interpretation of supersymmetric black hole solutions in the

Geometry of three-qubit entanglement

STU