Phil Clapham

Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2009

NOTE – March 2008: In areas outside of Alaska, studies have shown that stock structure is more fine-scale than is reflected in the Alaska Stock Assessment Reports. At this time, no data are available to reflect stock structure for harbor porpoise in Alaska. However, based on comparisons with other regions, smaller stocks are likely. Should new information on harbor porpoise stocks become available, the harbor porpoise Stock Assessment Reports will be updated.

Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2006

STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE The humpback whale is distributed worldwide in all ocean basins. In winter, most humpback whales occur in the subtropical and tropical waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Humpback whales in the high latitudes of the North Pacific are seasonal migrants that feed on euphausiids and small schooling fishes (Nemoto 1957; 1959, Clapham and Mead 1999). The humpback whale population was considerably reduced as a result of intensive commercial exploitation during the 20 century. A large-scale study of humpback whales throughout the North Pacific was conducted in 2004-06 (the Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance, and Status of Humpbacks, or SPLASH, project). Initial results from this project (Calambokidis et al. 2008), including abundance estimates and movement information, are used in this report. Genetic results, which may provide a more comprehensive understanding of humpback whale population structure in the North Pacific, should be available in the near future. Figure 38. Approximate distribution of humpback whales in the western North Pacific (shaded area). Feeding and wintering grounds are presented above (see text). Area within the hash lines is a probable distribution area based on sightings in the Beaufort Sea. See Figure 39 for humpback whale distribution in the eastern North Pacific.

Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2015

NOTE – NMFS is in the process of reviewing humpback whale stock structure under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in light of the 14 Distinct Population Segments established under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (81 FR 62259, 8 September 2016). A complete revision of the humpback whale stock assessments will be postponed until this review is complete. In the interim, new information on humpback whale mortality and serious injury is provided within this report.

The Usefulness of Parallel Analysis of Uni- and Bi-Parental Markers: The North Atlantic Humpback Whale

The majority of studies of the evolution and structure of animal populations are based upon analysis of either mitochondrial (mt) or nuclear DNA. Although each genome provides unique information, the combined results from parallel analyses of the two genomes can uncover additional facts that would otherwise have escaped detection.