Philip R. P. Coelho

The Social Responsibility of Corporate Management: A Classical Critique

Calls for corporate social responsibility are widespread, yet there is no consensus about what it means; this may be its charm. It is possible to distinguish the fiduciary duty owed to shareholders as expressed by Milton Friedman from all other paradigms of corporate responsibility. Friedman maintains that: “ . . . there is one and only one social responsibility of business- to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud.” Other paradigms argue that corporations have social responsibilities that extend beyond shareholders to stakeholders. The list of cited stakeholders is ill- defined and expanding, including non-human animals and non-sentient things. This paper defends the intellectual and ethical merits of fiduciary duty to shareholders, and compares and contrasts it to the stakeholder paradigm. The duty of managers to firms’ owners is the bedrock of capitalism, and capitalism will wither without it.

Diets Versus Diseases: The Anthropometrics of Slave Children

What were the living standards of American slaves? According to Robert W. Fogel and Stanley Engerman in their monumental study, Time on the Cross, the material standard of living of slaves compared favorably with that of other nineteenth-century agricultural laborers. More recently, utilizing anthropometric data that allow them to construct ageheight profiles for slaves, economic historians have cast doubts upon this view as it applies to particular age cohorts. They question the validity of the earlier assessment of living standards as it applies to slave newborns, infants, and children.

African and European Bound Labor in the British New World: The Biological Consequences of Economic Choices

This article offers an explanation for the regional differences in the use of African and European bound labor in colonial America. The migrations of Africans and Europeans to the Americas set in motion an evolutionary process that caused regional changes in the disease ecology of the New World. Biological and epidemiological differences among populations explain the different regional labor supply choices. This article emphasizes the interactions between changing populations and disease environments. Diseases are intermediaries through which populations interact by causing illness and death. Not all populations are equally afflicted by specific diseases. Therein lies the story.

Learning from Failure

Failures may lead to ultimate success in both nature and business. Just as dynamic ecosystems depend on death to replace senescent organisms with vigorous growth, the termination of uneconomic activities is essential to wealth creation. This paper explores the benefits of failures, and uses aspects of the analogy between death and business failure to analyze how failures in business economize upon resources and lead to better firms and greater efficiencies. A distinguishing feature of our work is the analytic use of competitive markets to provide insights into the processes of success and failure. Recognizable patterns of business failures are discussed in an effort to provide entrepreneurs and managers with a basis for understanding and acting upon changing circumstances.

Theory versus Application: Does Complexity Crowd Out Evidence?

Donald F. Gordon hypothesized that mathematical complexity in economics is inversely related to operationalism. Here we (i) operationalize Gordons hypothesis, (ii) test for the significance of trends in complexity for the American Economic Review, Economic Journal, Journal of Political Economy, and Quarterly Journal of Economics, and (iii) test Gordons hypothesis by conducting analyses of the contents of articles from the American Economic Review (AER), as well as the contents of articles citing the AER articles. The results do not refute the hypothesis that complexity crowds out operationalism in economics. Additionally, the presence of significant, positive trends toward complexity suggests that the magnitude of the crowding out is on the rise in these journals.

The Impact of Regional Differences in Prices and Wages on Economic Growth: The United States in 1890

Differences in regional prices and wages are examined for the United States in 1890, together with the relationship between the cost of living and city size, and the determinants of regional industrial growth. Results indicate that regional cost-of-liying differences were sufficiently large so that money wages cannot be used for purposes of comparing the economic well-being of wage earners across regions. Except for the South, money wages and the cost of living were positively correlated. The relative differences in money wages, however, were greater; consequently real wages in high wage-price areas were generally higher.

Social context and the utility of wealth: Addressing the Markowitz challenge

The expected utility hypothesis has a long successful tradition in economics. However, behavioral anomalies confound it when utility depends solely on the absolute level of wealth. Harry Markowitz (1952) suggested that the anomalies might be resolved if utility could be augmented to endogenize the taste for wealth in a non-tautological manner. This paper addresses Markowitz’s challenge. We augment the Markowitz utility function with arguments that have roots in the theory of natural selection: peer wealth, and status. Our specification yields testable implications about gambling, insuring and peer selection, and yields an explanation of the Allais paradox.

The Social Responsibility of Management: A Reprise

Frederick R. Post’s response (2003) to our paper (“The Social Responsibility of Corporate Management: A Classical Critique,” 2003) is factually mistaken, inconsistent, and confused over: 1) the contents of our paper, 2) how corporate capitalism works, and 3) the consequences of what he advocates. This reply discusses these points, and revisits both our critique of the stakeholder paradigm and defense of shareholder primacy.

A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. By Manuel De Landa. New York: Zone Books, 1997. Pp. 333.

The title of this book is an outline of De Landas agenda. He wants to convey his philosophical approach to history using examples chosen from the last 1,000 years of human history. “Nonlinear†refers to feedbacks and interactions that prevent movement toward a unique equilibrium. The author interprets history through a series of extended metaphors that link biology, geology, and linguistics to human history. The book is divided into sections corresponding to these classifications. The first, “Lavas and Magmas,†makes connections between history and geology; the second, “Flesh and Genes,†connects history and biology; and the third, “Memes and Norms,†connects history with linguistics. Within each section De Landa illustrates his approach with examples from the (approximately) last “thousand years of nonlinear history.â€