Philipp Baloh

Does the emulsification procedure influence freezing and thawing of aqueous droplets

Here we investigate the freezing and thawing properties of aqueous solutions in oil emulsions, with a particular focus on investigating the influence of the oil and surfactant and the stirring time of the emulsion. Specifically, we employ optical cryomicroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry to study the phase behavior of emulsified 25 wt. % ammonium sulfate droplets in the temperature range down to 93 K. We conclude that the nucleation temperature does not vary with oil-surfactant combination, that is, homogeneous nucleation is probed. However, incomplete emulsification and non-unimodal size distribution of dispersed droplets very often result in heterogeneous nucleation. This in turn affects the distribution of freeze-concentrated solution and the concentration of the solid ice/ammonium sulfate mixture and, thus, the phase behavior at sub-freezing temperatures. For instance, the formation of letovicite at 183 K critically depends on whether the droplets have frozen heterogeneously or homogeneously. Hence, the emulsification technique can be a very strong technique, but it must be ensured that emulsification is complete, i.e., a unimodal size distribution of droplets near 15 μm has been reached. Furthermore, phase separation within the matrix itself or uptake of water from the air may impede the experiments.

Metastable Nitric Acid Trihydrate in Ice Clouds

Abstract The composition of high‐altitude ice clouds is still a matter of intense discussion. The constituents in question are ice and nitric acid hydrates, but the exact phase composition of clouds and its formation mechanisms are still unknown. In this work, conclusive evidence for a long‐predicted phase, alpha‐nitric acid trihydrate (alpha‐NAT), is presented. This phase was characterized by a combination of X‐ray and neutron diffraction experiments, allowing a convincing structure solution. Furthermore, vibrational spectra (infrared and inelastic neutron scattering) were recorded and compared with theoretical calculations. A strong interaction between water ice and alpha‐NAT was found, which explains the experimental spectra and the phase‐transition kinetics. On the basis of these results, we propose a new three‐step mechanism for NAT formation in high‐altitude ice clouds.

Birch leaves and branches as a source of ice-nucleating macromolecules

Birch pollen are known to release ice-nucleating macromolecules (INM), but little is known about the production and release of INM from other parts of the tree. We examined the ice nucleation activity of samples from 10 different birch trees (Betula spp.). Samples were taken from nine birch trees in Tyrol, Austria, and from one tree in a small urban park in Vienna, Austria. Filtered aqueous extracts of 30 samples of leaves, primary wood (new branch wood, green in colour, photosynthetically active), and secondary wood (older branch wood, brown in colour, with no photosynthetic activity) were analysed in terms of ice nucleation activity using VODCA (Vienna Optical Droplet Crystallization Analyser), a cryo microscope for emulsion samples. All samples contained ice-nucleating particles in the submicron size range. Concentrations of ice nuclei ranged from 6.7× 104 to 6.1× 109 mg−1 sample. Mean freezing temperatures varied between −15.6 and −31.3 C; the range of temperatures where washes of birch pollen and dilutions thereof typically freeze. The freezing behaviour of three concentrations of birch pollen washing water (initial wash, 1 : 100, and 1 : 10 000) were significantly associated with more than a quarter of our samples, including some of the samples with highest and lowest activity. This indicates a relationship between the INM of wood, leaves, and pollen. Extracts derived from secondary wood showed the highest concentrations of INM and the highest freezing temperatures. Extracts from the leaves exhibited the highest variation in INM and freezing temperatures. Infrared spectra of the extracts and tested birch samples show qualitative similarity, suggesting the chemical components may be broadly similar.

Spectroscopic investigation of nitric acid monohydrate

Vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy have been applied to investigate the crystallization of concentrated amorphous nitric acid (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.95). Crystalline nitric acid monohydrate (HNO3 · H2O) is the major hydrate phase detected together with traces of metastable nitric acid dihydrate (HNO3 · 2H2O) and pure crystalline nitric acid. Nitric acid tetratohydrate (4HNO3 · H2O) was not achievable. The diffraction data show nitric acid monohydrate as a highly symmetrical structure, which bestows clearly laid out infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering spectra. The low frequency region is still a matter of discussion since experiment and theory are not in accordance. The microscopic picture underlines the model character of nitric acid monohydrate, since the crystalline particles adopt a spherical shape, on various agglomeration stages, which minimizes the interference of scattering on the spectroscopic data.