Phillip Joseph

Power output minimization and power absorption in the active control of sound

Active minimization of total power output and active absorption of sound power are analyzed, using a general impedance‐based approach, for an array of controllable secondary sources and an array of original primary sources. When the total power output of the two arrays is minimized, and the primary source array is all in phase, the power output of each of the secondary sources is found to be exactly zero. When the power absorption of the secondary source array is maximized, the net power output of the primary source array can be either reduced or increased, compared to that in the absence of control, depending on the properties of the transfer impedances. If the primary and secondary sources are well coupled (as is the case when they are spaced less than a quarter wavelength apart in free‐space or when they are in an enclosure excited near the natural frequency of a lightly damped mode) minimizing the total power output gives worthwhile reductions in the radiated power of the primary source. Maximizing th...

Multimode radiation from an unflanged, semi-infinite circular duct

Theoretical expressions for sound radiation from a single incident duct mode, arriving at the open end of a semi-infinite circular unflanged duct with rigid walls, are used to obtain numerical results for (1) the single-mode sound power transmission coefficient, and (2) the multimode far-field directivity factor. For the multimode calculations the modes are assumed incoherent, and a weighting model is adopted which includes, as special cases, equal power per mode (above cutoff), and excitation by incoherent monopoles or axial dipoles uniformly distributed over a duct cross section. High-frequency asymptotic features of the results are explored in detail and analytical approximations are given. The findings have practical application to sound power measurement from tall exhaust stacks.

Broadband Noise Due to Rotor-Wake/Rotor Interaction in Contra-Rotating Open Rotors

A semi-analytical model for the prediction of the broadband noise due to the interaction between turbulent rotor wakesandarotorincontra-rotatingopenrotorsispresented.Theunsteadyloadingoftherearrotorismodeledusing classicalisolated flat-platetheory.Striptheoryisusedtotreatthespanwisevariationsofaerodynamicquantitiesand blade geometry. The turbulent wake is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic turbulence that is modulated by a train of wake profiles. The model is presented in detail and insight into its modal behavior is provided. A parameter study is conducted to investigate the effects of blade number, rotor–rotor gap and rotor speeds on broadband noise emissions due to rotor–wake/rotor interaction in contra-rotating open rotors. Scaling laws for sound power levels have been established analytically and show good agreement with the results of the parameter study. Nomenclature a = empirical wake parameter Bi = blade number of theith rotor bW = half-wake width, m Cd = drag coefficient of front airfoils c0 = speed of sound, m:s � 1 ci = blade chord, m cl

High frequency formulation for the acoustic power spectrum due to cascade - turbulence interaction

This paper investigates the noise radiated by a cascade of flat-plate airfoils interacting with homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. An analytic formulation for the spectrum of acoustic power of a two-dimensional flat-plate is derived. The main finding of this paper is that the acoustic power spectrum from the cascade of flat airfoils may be split into two distinct frequency regions of low frequency and high frequency, separated by a critical frequency. Below this frequency, cascade effects due to the interaction between neighboring airfoils are shown to be important. At frequencies above the critical frequency, cascade effects are shown to be relatively weak. In this frequency range, acoustic power is shown to be approximately proportional to the number of blades. Based on this finding at high frequencies, an approximate expression is derived for the power spectrum that is valid above the critical frequency and which is in excellent agreement with the exact expression for the broadband power spectrum. The formulation is used to perform a parametric study on the effects on the power spectrum of the blade number, stagger angle, gap-chord ratio, and Mach number. The theory is also shown to provide a close fit to the measured spectrum of rotor-stator interaction.

Symmetric airfoil geometry effects on leading edge noise.

Computational aeroacoustic methods are applied to the modeling of noise due to interactions between gusts and the leading edge of real symmetric airfoils. Single frequency harmonic gusts are interacted with various airfoil geometries at zero angle of attack. The effects of airfoil thickness and leading edge radius on noise are investigated systematically and independently for the first time, at higher frequencies than previously used in computational methods. Increases in both leading edge radius and thickness are found to reduce the predicted noise. This noise reduction effect becomes greater with increasing frequency and Mach number. The dominant noise reduction mechanism for airfoils with real geometry is found to be related to the leading edge stagnation region. It is shown that accurate leading edge noise predictions can be made when assuming an inviscid meanflow, but that it is not valid to assume a uniform meanflow. Analytic flat plate predictions are found to over-predict the noise due to a NACA 0002 airfoil by up to 3 dB at high frequencies. The accuracy of analytic flat plate solutions can be expected to decrease with increasing airfoil thickness, leading edge radius, gust frequency, and Mach number.

Multi-mode sound transmission in ducts with flow

Abstract Exhaust mufflers, large exhaust stacks, and turbofan engines are common examples of ducted noise. The most useful measure of the sound produced by these noise sources is the sound power transmitted along the duct. When airflow is present, sound power flow can no longer be uniquely determined from the usual measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity. One approach to sound power determination from in-duct pressure measurement, and the one discussed in this paper, is to predict the relationship between the sound power and pressure based upon an assumed mode amplitude distribution. This paper investigates the relationship between acoustic pressure and power for a family of idealized source distributions of arbitrary temporal and spatial order. Incoherent monopole and dipole sources uniformly distributed over a duct cross-section can be obtained as special cases. This paper covers the sensitivity of the pressure–power relationship to source multipole order, frequency and, in particular, flow speed. It is shown that the introduction of flow in a hard-walled duct can have a substantial effect on the behavior of the pressure–power relationship for certain source distributions. Preliminary experimental results in a no-flow facility are presented in order to verify some of the main results.

Relative importance of open rotor tone and broadband noise sources

A study is made of the noise levels and spectral characteristics of three contra-rotating propeller rigs: rig 140 tested in 1989, rig 145 build 1 tested in 2008, and rig 145 build 2 tested in 2010. We use tone deletion techniques, applied to the inflow microphone data, to show the relative importance of propeller broadband noise to propeller tones with increasing frequency and, in particular, that by the time we reach only moderate frequencies, the one third octave spectra become dominated by the broadband noise components. We also show that the broadband noise continues to be important as blade speed and rig thrust are varied and that these spectral characteristics are present on both modern and older contra-rotating propeller designs – even those with a profusion of tones and strong tone protusion. We also show how the tone and broadband noise levels have reduced with more recent, and aeroacoustically improved, blade designs

Self-noise produced by an airfoil with nonflat plate trailing-edge serrations

This paper represents the results of an experimental study aimed at reducing the airfoil self-noise by the trailing-edge serration of four different sawtooth geometries (defined in the serration angle and length). These serrations have a common feature: all of the sawtooth patterns are cut directly into the trailing edge of a realistic airfoil. This configuration offers better structural strength and integrity. For the sawtooth trailing edges investigated here, the radiation of the extraneous vortex shedding noise in a narrowband frequency due to the partial bluntness at the serration roots is unavoidable. However, this narrowband component tends to be less significant provided that the serration angle is large and the serration length is moderate. Sound power was measured, and some of the sawtooth geometries have been shown to afford significant boundary-layer instability tonal noise and moderate turbulent broadband noise reductions across a fairly large velocity range. This paper demonstrates that a non...

An analytical investigation of trailing edge noise reduction using novel serrations

Passive control of trailing edge noise using complex periodic trailing edge serrations is investigated. The airfoil is modelled as a semi-infinite flat plate with a periodic trailing edge, set at zero angle of attack to a low Mach number flow. Analytical expressions have been derived for the far-field acoustic frequency spectrum for different serrations, namely, sawtooth, sinusoidal, slitted, slitted-sawtooth and sawtooth-sinusoidal. Numerical results have been presented for these serrations over a wide range of frequencies. It has been shown that the noise reduction from serrated trailing edges is a sensitive function of the complexity of the serration geometry and that the noise generation efficiency can be significantly reduced by applying complex periodic serrations to the trailing edge of the airfoil. Our numerical investigations have also shown that the slitted-sawtooth serration is the most effective design for reducing the trailing edge noise, particularly at low and mid frequencies. The theoretical results presented in this paper complement the experimental study presented by M. Gruber et al. [1].

On the acoustic filtering of the pipe and sensor in a buried plastic water pipe and its effect on leak detection: an experimental investigation.

Acoustic techniques have been used for many years to find and locate leaks in buried water distribution systems. Hydrophones and accelerometers are typically used as sensors. Although geophones could be used as well, they are not generally used for leak detection. A simple acoustic model of the pipe and the sensors has been proposed previously by some of the authors of this paper, and their model was used to explain some of the features observed in measurements. However, simultaneous measurements of a leak using all three sensor-types in controlled conditions for plastic pipes has not been reported to-date and hence they have not yet been compared directly. This paper fills that gap in knowledge. A set of measurements was made on a bespoke buried plastic water distribution pipe test rig to validate the previously reported analytical model. There is qualitative agreement between the experimental results and the model predictions in terms of the differing filtering properties of the pipe-sensor systems. A quality measure for the data is also presented, which is the ratio of the bandwidth over which the analysis is carried out divided by the centre frequency of this bandwidth. Based on this metric, the accelerometer was found to be the best sensor to use for the test rig described in this paper. However, for a system in which the distance between the sensors is large or the attenuation factor of the system is high, then it would be advantageous to use hydrophones, even though they are invasive sensors.