Phuc Quang Le

A flexible representation of quantum images for polynomial preparation, image compression, and processing operations

A Flexible Representation of Quantum Images (FRQI) is proposed to provide a representation for images on quantum computers in the form of a normalized state which captures information about colors and their corresponding positions in the images. A constructive polynomial preparation for the FRQI state from an initial state, an algorithm for quantum image compression (QIC), and processing operations for quantum images are combined to build the whole process for quantum image processing on FRQI. The simulation experiments on FRQI include storing, retrieving of images and a detection of a line in binary images by applying quantum Fourier transform as a processing operation. The compression ratios of QIC between groups of same color positions range from 68.75 to 90.63% on single digit images and 6.67–31.62% on the Lena image. The FRQI provides a foundation not only to express images but also to explore theoretical and practical aspects of image processing on quantum computers.

Watermarking and authentication of quantum images based on restricted geometric transformations

A secure, keyless, and blind watermarking and authentication strategy for images on quantum computers, WaQI, is proposed based on restricted geometric transformations. In contrast with conventional digital watermarking techniques where geometric transformations on the contents of an image are considered undesirable, the proposed WaQI scheme utilises the restricted variants (of the quantum versions) of these transformations as the main resources of the watermark embedding and authentication circuits. This is accomplished by a careful analysis of the classical content of the image-watermark pair, based on which a bespoke watermark map that translates into the gate sequences of the quantum watermark embedding and authentication circuits is realised. Simulation-based experimental results involving the classical (i.e. conventional or non-quantum) simulation of the input images, watermark signals, and quantum circuits yielded a 25% improvement in terms of overall watermark-embedding capacity and between 7% and 50.7% in terms of the visible quality of the watermarked images in comparison with select digital watermarking methods for various pairs, thus, demonstrating both the feasibility and capabilities of the proposed WaQI scheme when the necessary quantum hardware are realised physically. This scheme, provides the framework for representing two or more quantum data as a single quantum circuit, and opens the door for other applications aimed at quantum data protection.

Strategies for designing geometric transformations on quantum images

Three design strategies for constructing new geometric transformations on quantum images from other transformations are proposed. The strategies focus on the affected areas in the images, the separability, and smoothness of the transformations by exploiting a representation of images on quantum computers extensively. The complexity in terms of the number of basic gates and the depth of the corresponding circuits are analyzed to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. Examples to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed strategies are presented. The strategies provide high level tools to explore and analyze transformations which are necessary to build practical image processing applications on quantum computers.

A Multi-Channel Representation for images on quantum computers using the RGBα color space

A Multi-Channel Representation for Quantum Image (MCRQI) is proposed to facilitate the further image processing tasks based on the Flexible Representation for Quantum Image (FRQI). Channel Swapping Operation, One Channel Operation, are proposed as basic image processing operations on MCRQI representation. The simulation experiment results on classical computer show that the channel information of R G B (color) and α (transparency) can be carried easily on quantum computer by employing three qubits to represent the color space, and also indicate that this MCRQI is very flexible to realize some classic-like operations. The MCRQI provides a foundation not only express image in RGBα color space, but also to explore theoretical and practical aspects of image processing on quantum computer.

A FRAMEWORK FOR REPRESENTING AND PRODUCING MOVIES ON QUANTUM COMPUTERS

Adopting a generalization of the DiVincenzo criteria for the physical realization of quantum devices, a standalone component each, is proposed to prepare, manipulate, and measure the various content required to represent and produce movies on quantum computers. The quantum CD encodes, prepares, and initializes the broad content or key frames conveying the movie script. The quantum player uses the simple motion operations to manipulate the contents of the key frames in order to interpolate the missing viewing frames required to effectively depict the shots and scenes of the movie. The movie reader combines the projective measurement technique and the ancilla-driven quantum computation to retrieve the classical movie sequence comprising of both the key and viewing frames for each shot. At appropriate frame transition rates, this sequence creates the impression of continuity in order to depict the various movements and actions in the movie. Two well-thought-out examples demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework. Concatenated, these components together facilitate the proposed framework for quantum movie representation and production, thus, opening the door towards manipulating quantum circuits aimed at applications for information representation and processing.

A two-tier scheme for greyscale quantum image watermarking and recovery

A scheme is proposed to watermark and recover unmarked greyscale images on quantum computers. The hitherto inaccessible data from a quantum image-watermark pair is extracted from their classical conventional or non-quantum versions using which two quantum sub-circuits are used to execute the two-tier transformations comprising of changes that: 1 embed a visible and translucent watermark logo in a predetermined sub-area of the quantum replica of the cover image; 2 modify the remaining content of the cover image in a manner dictated by the watermark signal, so that the resulting distortions on the watermarked image are not easily discernible. Classical simulations of the image-watermark pairs and the various sub-circuits required to obtain the marked and unmarked images demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme when the necessary quantum hardware are realised. The proposal advances available literature geared towards safeguarding quantum resources from unauthorised reproduction and confirmation of their proprietorship in cases of dispute thereby leading to commercial applications of quantum information.

A Flexible Representation and Invertible Transformations for Images on Quantum Computers

A flexible representation for quantum images (FRQI) is proposed to provide a representation for images on quantum computers which captures information about colors and their corresponding positions in the images. A constructive polynomial preparation for the FRQI state from an initial state, an algorithm for quantum image compression (QIC), and invertible processing operations for quantum images are combined to build the whole process for quantum image processing based on FRQI. The simulation experiments on FRQI include storage and retrieval of images and detecting a line from binary images by applying quantum Fourier transform as a processing operation. The compression ratios of QIC between groups of same color positions range from 68.75% to 90.63% on single digit images and 6.67% to 31.62% on the Lena image. The FRQI provides a foundation not only to express images but also to explore theoretical and practical aspects of image processing on quantum computers.

Fuzzy Inference-Based Mentality Expression for Eye Robot in Affinity Pleasure-Arousal Space

An eye robot focused on eye expression and a mascot robot system are proposed as a casual communication robot systems with human friendly expression. A mentality expression system based on the affinity pleasure-arousal space by eye robot is proposed. The three-dimensional affinity pleasure-arousal space is proposed to express mentality states with fuzzy inference. The eye robot that performs eye motions is developed based on the human mechanisms. A mascot robot system is proposed as an internet-based robot application for casual communication in home environment. This mascot robot system is a network composed of four fixed type eye robots, one mobile self-propelled type eye robot, an information recommendation module, and the speech recognition module. The mascot robot system’s functionality is demonstrated in a living room, where casual communication is conducted based on speech recognition and mentality expression of eye robots. The validity of the proposed mentality expression system is confirmed by communication experiments with 2 scenarios. The proposed systems provide casual communication between a human interlocutor and a robot.

Quantum image processing: A review of advances in its security technologies

In this review, we present an overview of the advances made in quantum image processing (QIP) comprising of the image representations, the operations realizable on them, and the likely protocols and algorithms for their applications. In particular, we focus on recent progresses on QIP-based security technologies including quantum watermarking, quantum image encryption, and quantum image steganography. This review is aimed at providing readers with a succinct, yet adequate compendium of the progresses made in the QIP sub-area. Hopefully, this effort will stimulate further interest aimed at the pursuit of more advanced algorithms and experimental validations for available technologies and extensions to other domains.

A parallel comparison of multiple pairs of images on quantum computers

A method to compare multiple pairs of quantum images in parallel is proposed, where the similarities of the images are estimated according to the probability distributions of the readouts from quantum measurements. The proposed method by means of a single Hadamard gate with control-conditions to transform the entire information encoding the quantum images in a strip, offers a significant speed-up in comparison to performing the same task on traditional computing devices. Three simulation experiments comprising of the comparison of two images, multiple pairs of images, and the sub-blocks from two images are implemented using MATLAB to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the parallel comparison. The proposal advances a fundamental step towards image searching on quantum computers in which the image with the highest similarity to a particular reference image is retrieved as a search result from a database.