Pierre J. V. Beumont

What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa

Abstract. With the best will in the world, it is difficult not to become disillusioned with the diagnostic system for eating disorders. Although repeatedly revised, diagnostic criteria such as those of DSM-IV or ICD10 are inadequate to describe the patients condition. This essay critically appraises the historical development of eating disorders and challenges the widely held notion that bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa share a common psychopathology. It further argues that the time has arrived to think about anorexia nervosa and the eating disorders in a way different to the current stereotyping. It suggests that anorexia nervosa like neoplasia is a disease that requires staging and a model for such staging is presented.

Summary Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for the management of anorexia nervosa(2003)

Objective: To provide a summary of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Conclusions: Anorexia nervosa affects only a small proportion of the Australian and New Zealand population but it is important because it is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness. Sufferers often struggle with AN for many years, if not for life, and the damage done to their minds and bodies may be irreversible. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a deliberate loss of weight and refusal to eat. Overactivity is common. Approximately 50% of patients also use unhealthy purging and vomiting behaviours to lose weight. There are two main areas of physical interest: the undernutrition and mal-nutrition of the illness and the various detrimental weight-losing behaviours themselves. Basic psychopathology ranges from an over-valued idea of high salience concerning body shape through to total preoccupation and eventually to firmly held ideas that resemble delusions. Comorbid features are frequent, especially depression and obsessionality. It is inadvisable in clinical practice to apply too strict a definition of AN because to do so excludes patients in the early stage of the illness in whom prompt intervention is most likely to be effective. The best treatment appears to be multidimensional/multidisciplinary care, using a range of settings as required. Obviously, the medical manifestations of the illness need to be addressed and any physical harm halted and reversed. It is difficult to draw conclusions about the efficacy of further treatments. There is a paucity of clinical trials, and their quality is poor. Furthermore, the stimuli for developing AN are varied, and the psychotherapy options to address these problems need to be tailored to suit the individual patient. Because there is no known ‘chemical imbalance’ that causes the illness, no one drug offers relief. There is a high rate of relapse, and some patients are unable to recover fully. Because AN is a psychiatric illness, a psychiatrist should always be involved in its treatment. All psychiatrists should be capable of assuming this responsibility. Because cognitive behavioural methods are generally accepted as the best mode of therapy, a clinical psychologist should also be involved in treatment. Because medical manifestations are important, someone competent in general medicine should always be consulted. The optimal approach is multidisciplinary or at least multiskilled, with important contributions from psychologists, general practitioners, psychiatric nurses, paediatricians, dietitians and social workers.

Medical Management of Eating Disorders: List of contributors

Part I. The Medical Perspective: 1. Definitions and epidemiology 2. The behavioural disorders 3. History, examination and investigations 4. Medical manifestations by system 5. The clinicians response to common physical complaints Part II. Treatment: 6. Principles of treatment 7. Medical and nutritional therapy Part III. Special Issues: 8. Specific patient populations 9. Prepubertal child and the younger adolescent Part IV. The Psychiatric and Psychological Perspective: 10. Physical disease and mental illness: pathology and psychopathology 11. Psychopathology and the mental status examination 12. Psychopathology and phenomenology 13. Specific psychological therapies Part V. Areas of Special Interest: 14. The role of the general practitioner 15. Nursing patients with anorexia nervosa 16. The role of the dietitian 17. Information for family and friends Bibliography Index.

Medical Management of Eating Disorders: THE MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

Part I. The Medical Perspective: 1. Definitions and epidemiology 2. The behavioural disorders 3. History, examination and investigations 4. Medical manifestations by system 5. The clinicians response to common physical complaints Part II. Treatment: 6. Principles of treatment 7. Medical and nutritional therapy Part III. Special Issues: 8. Specific patient populations 9. Prepubertal child and the younger adolescent Part IV. The Psychiatric and Psychological Perspective: 10. Physical disease and mental illness: pathology and psychopathology 11. Psychopathology and the mental status examination 12. Psychopathology and phenomenology 13. Specific psychological therapies Part V. Areas of Special Interest: 14. The role of the general practitioner 15. Nursing patients with anorexia nervosa 16. The role of the dietitian 17. Information for family and friends Bibliography Index.

Medical Management of Eating Disorders: Index

Part I. The Medical Perspective: 1. Definitions and epidemiology 2. The behavioural disorders 3. History, examination and investigations 4. Medical manifestations by system 5. The clinicians response to common physical complaints Part II. Treatment: 6. Principles of treatment 7. Medical and nutritional therapy Part III. Special Issues: 8. Specific patient populations 9. Prepubertal child and the younger adolescent Part IV. The Psychiatric and Psychological Perspective: 10. Physical disease and mental illness: pathology and psychopathology 11. Psychopathology and the mental status examination 12. Psychopathology and phenomenology 13. Specific psychological therapies Part V. Areas of Special Interest: 14. The role of the general practitioner 15. Nursing patients with anorexia nervosa 16. The role of the dietitian 17. Information for family and friends Bibliography Index.