Pierre Sauvé

Domestic regulation and service trade liberalization

International barriers to services trade are deeply intertwined with national regulatory, investment, and immigration policies. Accordingly, the liberalization of trade in services is considerably more complex that the liberalization of trade in goods. Sector-specific issues abound. This book sheds much light on the challenges facing the trading community in this area, through essays from a distinguished group of authors. Services liberalization has been, and will continue to be the engine of trade liberalization, if that outcome is to occur at all. The book provides one of the best guides to services trade, and all its technicalities, ups and downs, and the future of the world trade order.

Why Do Economies Enter into Preferential Agreements on Trade in Services? Assessing the Potential for Negotiated Regulatory Convergence in Asian Services Markets

More than one-third of the World Trade Organization-notified services trade agreements that were in effect between January 2008 and August 2015 involved at least one South or Southeast Asian trading partner. Drawing on Baier and Bergstrands (2004) determinants of preferential trade agreements and using the World Banks database on the restrictiveness of domestic services regimes (Borchert, Gootiiz, and Mattoo 2012), we examine the potential for negotiated regulatory convergence in Asian services markets. Our results suggest that Asian economies with high levels of preexisting bilateral merchandise trade and wide differences in services regulatory frameworks are more likely candidates for services trade agreement formation. Such results lend support to the hypothesis that the heightened “servicification” of production generates demand for the lowered services input costs resulting from negotiated market openings.

Completing the Gats Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers

This paper explores three ongoing areas of rule-making activity under the General Agreement on Trade in Services ‐ emergency safeguards (ESM), subsidies and government procurement. It suggests that as policy makers turn their attention to a range of new issues in the context of a second set of GATS negotiations, it is essential that new impetus be given to completing what the Uruguay Round left unfinished. The paper first examines the desirability, feasibility and prospects for developing multilateral rules on an emergency safeguard mechanism and trade distorting subsidies, in the context of the ongoing GATS negotiations. Using the existing framework of trade in goods as a model, the paper examines whether and how relevant GATT principles might be applicable in these two areas in the context of services trade. The paper suggests that the very feasibility of an ESM remains an open question, given the state of our knowledge of services trade. The paper cautions, however, that the clear political expectation on the part of many developing countries that concrete disciplines must arise from the current discussions suggests that it is likely that the GATS will feature some form of ESM in the future, much as its ultimate substantive provisions and operational modalities remain to be determined. On subsidies, the paper suggests that the desirability of disciplines in this area will require a more thorough identification phase to determine the extent to which subsidies exist in services industries and result in adverse trade or investment effects. As with safeguards, the feasibility of subsidy disciplines will need to factor in the specificities of services trade and investment. While some guidance could come for the SCM Agreement, it is not a panacea. The paper’s third section turns its attention to whether and how disciplines governing public purchases of services should best be addressed under WTO law. The paper suggests that procurement regimes for services, even if explicitly discriminating against foreign suppliers, are unlikely to have major repercussions on domestic or foreign welfare so long as markets are contestable. The priority issue from a developing country perspective may therefore lie more in removing barriers to access (i.e. trade) and presence (investment) in goods and services markets and enforcing domestic competition laws than in developing a GATS-anchored set of procurement disciplines.

Developing Trade Rules for Services: A Case of Fragmented Coherence?

This paper presents the results of a four-year project tackling several issues relating to multilateral and preferential trade in services. One of the underlying organising principles of our research on services trade has been a presumed fault line between the innate coherence that is achieved through multilateral rules and commitments, on the one side, and the more inherently fragmented nature of preferential solutions or rules, on the other. Doubtlessly rooted in the way mainstream trade theorists and economists more broadly have long championed multilateralism over its peripheral brethren, such a perception proceeds from the assumed second-best nature of preferential, or non-WTO-centric, policy and rule-making approaches. Our key messages put forward concrete proposals to improve regulation of services trade. We find, inter alia, that: a) fragmentation is a source of policy and innovation apt to inform multilateral rule-making, while theatres at the periphery may yield superior outcomes or more politically palatable bargains; b) the adoption of a necessity test applicable across services sectors at the multilateral level would improve the quality of services trade regulation domestically; c) the current treatment of labour mobility under GATS is not conducive to an optimal global governance of migration; d) when examing likeness, both service-related and supplier-related factors have to be considered to decide whether there is competitive relationship in the marketplace; e) Overlapping multilateral and bilateral rules on investment blur the rights and obligations of domestic authorities and foreign investors in services; f) co-ordination between the WTO and arbitral panels so that similar principles are intepreted in a uniform manner can lead to a more coherent international investment framework in services.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: List of figures

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: Unexplored economic, political and judicial dimensions of GATS

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: List of abbreviations

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: Index

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: Frontmatter

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.

GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services: Unfinished business: Safeguard and subsidy disciplines for services

Part I. Beyond Regulatory Control and Multilateral Flexibility: Gains from a Cosmopolitan GATS: 1. Testing Regulatory Autonomy, Disciplining Trade Relief and Regulating Variable Peripheries: Can a Cosmopolitan GATS do it all? Marion Panizzon and Nicole Pohl Part II. Unexplored Economic, Political and Judicial Dimensions of GATS: 2. South-South Services Trade Nora Dihel, Felix Eschenbach and Benjamin Shepherd 3. The Race towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access Is Really Achieved? Martin Roy, Juan Marchetti and Aik Hoe Lim 4. Comment: Is Services Trade Like or Unlike Manufacturing Trade? Marion Jansen 5. Rules of Origin in Services: A Case Study of Five ASEAN Countries Carsten Fink and Deunden Nikomborirak Part III. The Limits of Request-Offer Negotiations: Plurilateral and Alternative Approaches to Services Liberalization: 6. Services Post Hong-Kong - Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals Elisabeth Turk 7. Comment: Negotiating Approaches from a Members Perspective Claire Kelly 8. Evaluating Alternative Approaches to GATS Negotiations: Sectoral, Formulae and Others Henry Gao 9. Comment: Trade Liberalization under the GATS: An Odyssey? Rudolf Adlung Part IV. GATS Case Law: A First Assessment: 10. Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico - Telecoms Andrew W. Shoyer 11. From Periodicals to Gambling: A Review of Systemic Issues Addressed by WTO Adjudicatory Bodies under the GATS Eric Leroux 12. Specificities of WTO Dispute Settlement in Services Cases William Davey 13. Can Foreign Investors in Services Benefit from WTO Dispute Settlement? Martin Molinuevo Part V. Market Access, National Treatment and Domestic Regulation: 14. Some Thoughts on the Concept of Likeness in the GATS Mireille Cossy 15. Comment: The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness Joost Pauwelyn 16. Towards a Horizontal Necessity Test for Services: Completing the GATS Article VI:4 Mandate Panagiotis Delimatsis 17. Comment: Quis custodiet neccessitatem? Adjudicating Necessity in Multilevel Systems and the Importance of Judicial Dialogue Markus Krajewski Part VI. Unfinished Business: Safeguard and Subsidy Disciplines for Services: 18. Recognition, Standardisation and Harmonisation: Which Rules for GATS in Times of Crisis? Markus Krajewski 19. A Safeguards Regime for Services Fernando Pierola 20. Waiting for Godot: Subsidy Disciplines in Services Trade Pietro Poretti 21. Comment: One Set of Rules for Fair and Unfair Trade in Services: A Possible Merger? Kanitha Kungsawanich Part VII. Challenges to the Scope of GATS and Cosmopolitan Governance in Services Trade: 22. Trade Rules for the Digital Age Sacha Wunsch-Vincent 23. Comment: Digital Trade: Technology versus Legislators Christian Pauletto 24. How Human Rights Violations Nullify and Impair GATS Commitments Marion Panizzon 25. Comment: The Instrumental Rationale for Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Trade Services Reform Simon Walker 26. In Pursuit of the Cosmopolitan Vocation for Trade: GATS and Aviation Services Richard Janda and Mark Glynn Part VIII. Conclusion: 27. Been There, Not Yet Done That: Lessons and Challenges in Services Trade Pierre Sauve.