Pierrick Durand

Control of stoichiometry, size and morphology of inorganic polymers by template assisted coordination chemistry

Recent years have seen the discovery of fascinating electronic properties in Prussian blue analogues and derivatives making them appealing candidates for the realization of molecular devices. Their successful integration into real applications however depends on a further processing step allowing the control of their size, shape and spatial organization at the surface or within a solid matrix. Here, we report an original strategy allowing the controlled precipitation of Prussian blue analogues and derivatives within the well-defined porosity of ordered mesoporous silica monoliths exhibiting various structures. This synthetic route offers great potentials for the study of Prussian blue derived particles as a function of their size, their shape and even their orientation in magnetic or electric fields. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition in oxidative or reductive atmosphere of the confined Prussian blue derivatives also offers appealing perspectives for the elaboration and the study of mixed-oxides and alloys with finely tuned stoichiometry.

Metallo-solid lipid nanoparticles as colloidal tools for meso-macroporous supported catalysts.

Meso-macroporous silica containing iron oxide nanoparticles (15-20 nm) was synthesized by formulating solid lipid nanoparticles and metallosurfactant as both template and metal source. Because of the high active surface area of the catalyst, the material exhibits an excellent performance in a Fenton-like reaction for methylene blue (MB) degradation, even at low amount of iron oxide (5% TOC after 14 h).

Anharmonicity and isomorphic phase transition: a multi-temperature X-ray single-crystal and powder diffraction study of 1-(2′-aminophenyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole

Multi-temperature single-crystal and powder diffraction experiments on 1-(2′-aminophenyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole show that this crystal undergoes an isomorphic phase transition with the coexistence of two phase domains over a wide temperature range. The anharmonic approach was the only way to model the resulting disorder.

Properties of metastable linkage NO isomers in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O incorporated in mesopores of silica xerogels

We study the properties of photoinduced metal-nitrosyl linkage isomers in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a function of particle size. By embedding the molecular complex at various concentrations into mesopores of silica xerogels the size of the particles can be adjusted. The ground state is characterized by X-ray diffraction, absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The physical properties of the photoswitched molecules were analysed by steady-state low-temperature absorption, infrared spectroscopy and by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structure as well as the activation energies of the metastable linkage isomers are independent of the particle size down to single isolated molecules, indicating that the SNP complexes are quasi-free inside the pores of the gel.

Chemistry of Cobalt(II) Confined in the Pores of Ordered Silica Monoliths: From the Formation of the Monolith to the CoFe Prussian Blue Analogue Nanocomposite

Recently we conceived of an original strategy that allows the precipitation of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) in the ordered pores of silica monoliths to lead to photomagnetic CoFe PBA-silica nanocomposites. To determine the critical parameters and fully control the synthesis of the photoactive CoFe PBA in the pores of the silica matrix, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was performed at the cobalt K-edge. This study showed that cobalt cation chemistry is the keystone of the entire process. The local environment and the electronic structure of the cobalt cation undergo several modifications during the formation process: first the incorporation of the cation as an octahedral complex into the ordered block copolymer phase, then the deprotonation by thermohydrolysis to give a fourfold-coordinated deprotonated lowly condensed species and finally the formation of the 3D coordination network of CoFe PBA in acidic conditions through a rapid reprotonation followed by nucleophilic substitution accompanied by the electronic transfer, thus leading to the photomagnetic Co(III)(LS)-Fe(II)(LS) (LS=low spin) pairs.

Femtosecond time-resolved powder diffraction experiments using hard X-ray free-electron lasers

In the next decade the scientific community expects a strong impact in physics, chemistry, biology, material research and life sciences by the availability of high-brilliance X-ray radiation from free-electron laser (FEL) sources. In particular, in the field of ultrafast science these new sources will allow new types of experiments, enabling new phenomena to be discovered. Whereas today ultrafast X-ray diffraction experiments are strongly restricted by the limited X-ray flux of current sources of sub-picosecond X-ray pulses, FELs will provide short pulses of typically 10(12) photons with a duration of the order of 100 fs and monochromaticity of 10(-3). Here, the feasibility of time-resolved single-shot powder diffraction experiments using these intense pulses, and the requirements of these experiments, are discussed. The detector count rates are estimated for diffraction from a model compound in a wide q-regime under the special consideration of high resolving power. In the case of LCLS radiation parameters, single-shot experiments will be feasible although high-resolution powder diffraction will require a reduction of the intrinsic FEL radiation bandwidth.

Experimental requirements for light-induced reactions in powders investigated by time-resolved X-ray diffraction

A general outline of how to perform a light-excited time-resolved diffraction experiment by applying the optical pump/X-ray probe technique is given. Owing to the difference in penetration depths between the optical light (laser) pump and the X-ray probe, only specific or specially designed crystalline systems can be investigated, so special requirements have to be fulfilled concerning the sample and its compartments. A summary of the experimental conditions of optical pump/X-ray probe experiments is presented, emphasizing why the use of powder diffraction is a useful and necessary X-ray technique for this kind of experiment. The possibilities and bottlenecks of time-resolved X-ray diffraction on the picosecond time scale will be demonstrated in the powder diffraction studies of N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile and N,N-diisopropylaminobenzonitrile, where the photo-induced structural changes of these molecular organic systems have been studied as a function of time.

Nanoparticle-free magnetic mesoporous silica with magneto-responsive surfactants

Magneto-responsivity can be imprinted in hard mesoporous silica materials using soft colloidal templates formed by magnetic surfactants. The materials exhibit a low to high spin transition due to geometrical constraints of the isolated iron ions grafted on the silica walls.

Phthalimido–ferrocidiphenol cyclodextrin complexes: Characterization and anticancer activity

Several ferrocenyl analogues of tamoxifen have already showed strong antiproliferative activity in experimental glioma models. Nevertheless, these compounds are very poorly soluble in water and an adapted formulation is needed. In this work, we have tailored and optimized methylated cyclodextrin soluble complexes of phthalimido-ferrocidiphenol for the first time. The complexes were characterized, and the optimized formulation was tested for in vitro efficacy and cell proliferation assays on U87, human glioblastoma cancer cells. Molecular modeling can provide accurate information about the inclusion process. The inclusion of all the moieties at the same time (i.e., ferrocene, phthalimidylpropyl, 2 phenols) is not possible due to the steric hindrance of the 1:4 system. The 1:3 systems are possible but do not seem very relevant. However, various 1:2 and 1:1 complexes are mostly present in aqueous solutions. Some experiments have confirmed our hypothesis. First, interactions between the phenol, phthalimidylpropyl and ferrocenyl groups have been observed in our NMR experiments. Second, the inclusion of phthalimidylpropyl was detected by UV-vis spectrophotometry with an apparent 1:1 interaction, which was observed through the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The complex is readily soluble in water and keeps its pharmacological activity against U87 tumor cells (IC50=0.028 ± 0.007 μM vs. 0.018 ± 0.003 μM for PhtFerr).

Silver(I) coordination polymers with 3,3′,5,5′-tetrasubstituted 4,4′-bipyridine ligands: towards new porous chiral materials

Coordination polymers (CP) assembled from 3,3′,5,5′-tetrasubstituted 4,4′-bipyridines and silver salts have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Silver-CPs based on infinite Ag–bipyridine chains were obtained where one or two halogen atoms strongly interacted with Ag. A homochiral MOF was also prepared using the enantiopure 3,3′-dibromo-5,5′-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridine as ligand, while its racemic form only formed a compact CP. Preliminary applications showed that the homochiral network is able to recognize the enantiomers of rac-styrene oxide and to control the cytotoxicity level of the Ag-based MOF toward a cell line derived from adult human skin (HaCaT).