Pieter Jan Kuijper

“It Shall Contribute to … the Strict Observance and Development of International Law…”

This contribution seeks to analyse the contribution of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to the European Union’s duty to contribute to the strict observation and development of international law (Article 3.5 TEU). The introduction shows that the ECJ’s hands were largely tied by some basic provisions of the Treaties on the question of the hierarchy between international law and Union and national law, as well as on the relation between Member State agreements pre-dating Union law and Union law itself. Hence the contribution concentrates on the ECJ’s view of two issues: (1) the reception of different forms of international law (treaty law and customary law) in Union law and (2) the position of Union primary and secondary law in relation to these different forms of international law. Ways of dealing with these issues, such as harmonious interpretation and direct effect, are briefly touched upon. Finally, brief sections are devoted a few special issues, such as the place of agreements concluded by the Member States in areas of Union competence, without the Union being capable of also adhering to them.

Mr. Kadi and Mrs. Prost: is the UN Ombudsperson going to find herself between a rock and a hard place?

This chapter focuses on questions of accountability of international organisations, questions which at the same time raise issues of hierarchy between international organisations. It reviews, in particular, the creation of the office of the United Nations (UN) Ombudsperson and the first steps of Mrs Kimberley Prost who was appointed to this new office. The chapter also reviews the judgment of the European Union (EU) General Court in the Kadi 2010 case and what might be the likely consequences of these developments. The European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights have taken positions in respect of sanctions decided by the Security Council, which have varied over time. The Ombudsperson will be for some time between a rock and a hard place and it will require all Mrs Prosts skill to extricate herself from there and bring us closer to a satisfactory solution. Keywords:Abdullah Kadi; European Union (EU) General Court; Kimberley Prost; Security Council; United Nations (UN) Ombudsperson

Amsterdam Center for International law: introduction to the Symposium on Responsibility of International Organizations and of (Member) States: attributed or direct responsibility or both?

This is the introduction to three articles that resulted from the Symposium on Responsibility of International Organizations and of (Member) States organized by the Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL) under direction of Professors Andre Nollkaemper and Pieter Jan Kuijper in April 2009. The Symposium concentrated on those articles of the ILC draft articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations which are concerned with the responsibility of States for the unlawful acts of International Organizations as well as with the responsibility of International Organizations for unlawful acts of States, and in particular Member States. This introductory article seeks to place the articles relating to these issues in the context of the draft articles as a whole and of their predecessors, the draft articles on State Responsibility. Moreover, since the articles in question are based on the notion of a directly incurred responsibility on the part of the international organization or State concerned, rather than the classical conception of responsibility through attribution, they are also analyzed in the light of these two conceptions of responsibility. The issue of shared responsibility deserves special attention in this respect.

From treaty-making to treaty-breaking

From Treaty-Making to Treaty-Breaking is the first high-level analysis of ASEAN’s external trade agreements with non-ASEAN states. It clearly sets out the intended, and unintended, consequences of ASEAN’s prevailingmethod of treaty-making, with suggested guidelines for the future. The book begins by asking whether ASEAN trade agreements follow worldwide trends in the substantive content of such agreements. It raises questions such as: to what extent is it possible to continue concluding trade agreements through individual member states?; what are the legal consequences – from negotiation and conclusion (treaty-making) through to possible breach of the agreements (treaty-breaking)?; should ASEAN resort to mixed treaty-making? This study does not seek to give a definitive answer to these questions, rather it opens up the topic to readers by suggesting different possible models for ASEAN trade agreements. This thought-provoking book will appeal to anyone interested in trade negotiations and trade agreements, particularly in Asia.

Part I: Study on investment protection agreements as instruments of international economic law

This study seeks to set out briefly the historical background and the development of present-day Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) that have grown in sophistication and in number since the first one of this type of treaties was concluded between the Federal Republic of Germany and Pakistan in 1959. It explains how such BITs combined elements from the historical international law doctrine on the treatment of aliens and their property and investments and from commercial arbitration. A third, very important, element was the linkage of such agreements to international dispute settlement treaties or centres, which enabled foreign investors to complain directly against the host State, often even bypassing its law and its judicial system. The key provisions that are habitually included in such agreements are explained and briefly analysed. Next, the paper shows how trade and investment were closely linked in the drafts for the post World War II economic order, were allowed to develop separately and now are being integrated again into single comprehensive trade agreements, of which the budding Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the EU and the US is an example. The complications flowing from bringing together trade and investment in one agreement, but needing two different dispute settlement procedures, are given a first analysis. Careful technical legal work is still necessary to guide this into the right channels. Is the effort needed for that worth the trouble, given that the EU and the US have been able mutually to accommodate huge flows of investments without provoking major conflicts or economic accidents? That question is given a tentative answer in the Conclusion. This study serves as background and primer to two other studies prepared for the European Parliament by professors Ingolf Pernice and Steffen Hindelang.

WTO Influence on EU Law: Too Close for Comfort?

This contribution analyses the influence of WTO primary and secondary law on the primary and secondary law of the European Union. Moreover, the influence of WTO panel and Appellate Body reports on EU secondary law and administrative decisions is evaluated. As a principal example the article takes the interaction between WTO and EU anti-dumping law. However, also other selected examples of the influence of WTO law on EU law are subjected to scrutiny. It turns out that WTO primary and secondary law have had a considerable influence on EU primary and secondary law and their interpretation. This is true in particular where the scope and the technical aspects of classical trade policy are concerned, ranging from the scope of the EU’s trade policy powers to the details of EU anti-dumping law. However, in respect of the EU’s internal regulatory policies, the WTO has had much less influence and the EU has been less law-abiding.

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The article discusses the question of the international responsibility of the European Community against the background of the International Law Commissions (ILC) recent work on the responsibility of international organizations generally. It describes the role of the EC (and EU) in international relations and highlights its special legal features in the light of plentiful practical examples. The various practical issues drawn from the ECs voluminous international treaty practice are grouped into what the paper calls “horizontal” and “vertical” issues, illustrating the different aspects related to the division of competence between the organization and its Member States and the operating features of the EC legal system reflecting its nature as “executive federalism”. The underlying theme of the paper recognizes that there are important “public morals” aspects calling for clear rules on the responsibility of international organizations, but there are also practical realities related to the diversity of international organizations pointing to the direction of special rules for instance in the case of the EC. On the basis of a broad review of the EC practice, the paper offers some critical comments on the ILC work suggesting that the traditional notion of an international organization does not resonate well with the realities of the European Community. In particular it argues that the ILC has overlooked the notions such as the Regional Economic Integration Organization (REIO), which has emerged in multilateral treaty practice during recent years, and failed to consider broader international law implications that such practice entails, including for purposes of international responsibility.