Pingkan Aditiawati

Microbial Diversity of Acidic Hot Spring (Kawah Hujan B) in Geothermal Field of Kamojang Area, West Java-Indonesia

Microbial communities in an acidic hot spring, namely Kawah Hujan B, at Kamojang geothermal field, West Java-Indonesia was examined using culture dependent and culture independent strategies. Chemical analysis of the hot spring water showed a characteristic of acidic-sulfate geothermal activity that contained high sulfate concentrations and low pH values (pH 1.8 to 1.9). Microbial community present in the spring was characterized by 16S rRNA gene combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The majority of the sequences recovered from culture-independent method were closely related to Crenarchaeota and Proteobacteria phyla. However, detail comparison among the member of Crenarchaeota showing some sequences variation compared to that the published data especially on the hypervariable and variable regions. In addition, the sequences did not belong to certain genus. Meanwhile, the 16S Rdna sequences from culture-dependent samples revealed mostly close to Firmicute and gamma Proteobacteria.

Simple Enrichment and Independent Cultures to Expand Bacterial Community Analysis from Gedongsongo Hot Spring

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to identify bacterial communities from Gedongsongo hot spring, Indonesia, by culture-independent and -dependent procedures. Predominant species were found to be closely related to beta-proteobacteria, particularly from genus Ralstonia and Delftia. Other species present include alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria and Thermus groups. Some of the strains showed unique 16S rDNA sequences.

The Use of Indigenous Probiotic Halomonas aquamarina and Shewanella algae for White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone) Hatchery Productivity in Zero Water Discharge System

This research was aimed to improve the performance of white shrimp postlarvae culture through the application of indigeneous probiotic bacteria, Halomonas aquamarina and Shewanella algae in zero water discharge system. The research was conducted by following two consecutive steps: (1) pathogenicity test of both probiotic in white shrimp culture, and (2) probiotic effect test to water quality and vibriosis syndrome control. From the first step, the use of probiotics had no pathogenocity effect to shrimp PL since survival rate of 84-98% was documented. From step two, the application of both probiotic bacteria was able to inhibit the population growth of V. harveyi in which the highest survival rate of 93.94% obtained from H. aquamarina addition, followed by S. algae addition (92.12%), H. aquamarina: S. algae addition (90.60%), S. algae: V. harveyi addition (89.39%), H. aquamarina: S. algae: V. harveyi addition (87.87%), H. aquamarina: V. harveyi addition (87.57%), no addition of bacteria (84.84%) and V. harveyi addition (82.42%). There was no significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments on all water quality parameters which were still in tolerance range of white shrimp PL culture (salinity 26-30 ppt; temperature 26-28°C; pH 7.5-8.5; DO 5.7-6.4 mgL-1; ammonia 0.1-0.5 mgL-1; nitrite 0.02-0.25 mgL-1; nitrate 5-40 mgL-1). In term of other biological parameter, the use of these probiotics was significantly affecting the weight increase of shrimps. Bacterial identification showed that there was a major similarity of microbial diversity found both in water and L.vannamei intestine. It could be concluded that the use of H. aquamarina and S. algae as indigene probiotics contributed to the increase of shrimp survival rate. However this effect was not clearly described by the effect of water quality parameters improvement and it most probably due to the inhibition activity of these two probiotics on V. harveyi.

Pengaruh Silase Sinambung Jerami Jagung Terhadap Fermentasi Dalam Cairan Rumen Secara In Vitro

Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penggunaan silase sinambung jerami jagung terhadap, nilai pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), amonia (NH 3 ), produksi gas total dan produksi biomassa mikroba sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia secara in vitro . Rancangan percobaan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap Pola Faktorial 3x6 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama dalam rancangan penelitian ini adalah pakan perlakuan yaitu pakan kontrol (P1), jerami jagung (P2) dan silase sinambung jerami jagung (P3) dan faktor kedua adalah waktu inkubasi selama fermentasi in vitro yaitu 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 dan 24 jam (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 dan T6). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik pakan perlakuan maupun waktu inkubasi tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (p>0,05) terhadap nilai pH, VFA, NH 3 , produksi gas total dan produksi biomassa mikroba serta tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan pakan dengan waktu inkubasi. Secara numerik, kisaran pH perlakuan adalah 6,89 - 7,05; konsentrasi VFA sebesar 107–110 mM, konsentrasi amonia 23,92 – 29,88 mg/100 ml, produksi gas total sebesar 27,47 – 46,31 ml/200 mg dan produksi biomassa mikroba sebesar 40,60 – 56,80 mg/20 ml. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah baik jerami jagung maupun silase sinambung jerami jagung dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ternak karena mampu memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi ternak ruminansia ditinjau dari produksi gas dan fermentasi pakan dalam rumen. Kata kunci: silase sinambung jerami jagung, amonia, VFA, produksi gas in vitro.

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for the classification of tempe from different regions and production processes in Indonesia

Tempe, a fermented soybean originally from Indonesia, is an excellent protein source with high nutritional quality. Differences in the production process and unique fermentation condition in different regions result in varieties of tempe. Despite its high cultural and economic values, there are very few studies on the characterization of tempe based on the differences of production process and geographical origin. Metabolomics is a powerful tool assessing food quality, food safety, and determination of origin and varietal differences. In this study, metabolomics is applied for the study of Indonesian tempe obtained from various regions and different production processes. Seventeen samples were collected from 6 different cities in Java Island, which were produced by local tempe crafters (traditional), semi-modern industry and modern industry. Untargeted metabolomics by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was implemented to discriminate various kinds of tempe and identify metabolites that are associated with these differences. Results showed that tempe produced in different places clustered together according to the cities and their production category. Sugars and amino acids groups were found to be primary compounds that contributed to this result. This is the first report that address the metabolic differences between different varieties of tempe from different regions and production processes. The knowledge from this study is important for future development of tempe production.

Application of Indoor Recirculation Aquaculture System for White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) Growout Super-Intensive Culture at Low Salinity Condition

The use of close aquaculture system including Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) has been implemented to allow a more stable water quality, good hygiene and efficient use of water resources in wide shrimp aquaculture production. This study aims to optimize shrimp stocking density and to evaluate microbial community profile in super-intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using RAS technology at low salinity. Before stocking, post larvae shrimp was gradually acclimatized from salinity level of 32 ppt to 5 ppt within 14 days. Different stocking density of 500 PL/m3, 750 PL/m3 and 1,000 PL/m3 were tested in four replicates. During 84 days grow out period, no differences in water quality parameters were observed. At the end of grow out period, significant differences were found in final body weight (14.87 ± 0.24 g, 13.09 ± 0.78 g, 11.32 ± 0.71 g), survival (70 ± 1.42%, 53.67 ± 4.16%, 44 ± 1.35%), specific growth rate (7.12%BW/day, 6.95% BW/day, 6.79% BW/day), and feed conversion ratio (1.32 ± 0.09, 1.45 ± 0.16, 2.05 ± 0.24) for the 500 PL/m3, 750 PL/m3, and 1,000 PL/m3 treatment group, respectively. However, similar total productivity of 5.20 kg/m3, 5.24 kg/m3, and 4.99 kg/m3 was observed for 500 PL/m3, 750 PL/m3, and 1,000 PL/m3 treatment group, respectively. The implementation of RAS can allow a stable community structure of culturable bacteria even at high shrimp density of up to 1,000 PL/m3, with the observed bacterial abundance of 1.28 × 103 to 5.28 × 104 CFU/mL and 9.49 × 104 to 2.27 × 106 CFU/mL in shrimp and culture water, respectively. It is suggested that the application of RAS at the optimal shrimp density of 500 PL/m3 allowed a high shrimp culture productivity of up to 5.20 kg/m3 within 84 days grow out period.

Potential Degradation of SARA (Saturated, Aromatics, Resinics, Asphaltenes) Fractions of Crude Oil by Reservoir Indigenous Bacteria from South Sumatera

The research aimed to isolate and characterize indigenous yeast strain from Tacca leontopetaloides with respect to the ethanol and glucose tolerance ability. Research done experimentally and the data analyzed descriptively. Yeasts isolated from 1g Tacca leontopetaloides grown at modified Potato Dextrose Agar/PDA (Oxoid Ltd.) with 3% Yeasts Extract/YE (Kraft Foods) and 10 ppm amoxicillin addition. Yeasts-like colony was tested in the ability to tolerate ethanol and glucose contents by grown on modified Nutrient Broth/NB (Oxoid Ltd.) with 3% Yeasts Extract/YE (Kraft Foods) and 10 ppm amoxicillin then added with glucose monohydrate (10%, 20%, 30%) or ethanol (10%, 20%, 30%) and incubated for 72h at ambient (23-28°C). Optical density (OD) was read for UV absorbance at 600 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer every 24h until 72h. The strain of best isolate with the ability to tolerate high ethanol and glucose contents were identified by the sequence analysis of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region using primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). The sequencing was performed at Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea), and the sequences was compared with the GenBank database using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tools) algorithm (http//:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). Results shown there are four yeasts-like isolate and the TK1 isolate showed the best ethanol tolerance ability with highest OD at 30% ethanol concentration (0.486) and the highest OD at 30% glucose concentration (1.732). The species identification identified the TK1 isolate as 99% identical with Candida natalensis (ITS1) and 100% identical with Candida quercitrusa (ITS4).Among Plant Growh Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) groups, endophytic bacteria considered as one of the options to control vascular wilt disease because of its ability to live and colonized internal roots of plants without causing any damages. Our previous research had screened 9 isolates which had best ability to promote growth rate and increase yields of tomato and biocontrol agents of R. solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp solani in planta condition. In order to know its abilities, those isolates need to be characterized. This research purposed to characterize those isolates abilities to produce IAA, phosphate solubilizing, siderophore production, cyanide production, NH3 production, and ability to colonize endophytically and identified the isolates using 16S rRNA. Result shown that all isolates can produce IAA, where TLE1.1 produce highest IAA concentration (42.5 ppm). Isolates E1AB1.3, TLE 1.1 and TLE2.2 can dissolved phosphate. None of the isolates produced HCN and NH3. Only TLE 2.3 isolate can produce siderophore. All of 9 isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene using 27F and 1492R primers. All isolates were identified as different species, i.e. Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112 (EPL1.1.3), Serratia nematodiphila strain DZ0503SBS1 (TLE2.3), Bacillus anthracis strain ATCC 14578 (EPL1.1.4), Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (TLE1.1), Bacillus cereus strain JCM 2152 (SNE2.2), Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens strain ATCC 23373 (E1.AB1.2), Serratia marcescens strain NBRC 102204 (E1AB2.1), Klebsiella michiganensis strain W14 (TLE2.2), and Chryseobacterium rhizoplanae strain JM-534 (KLE3.3).

Bionanomaterial from agricultural waste and its application

Agricultural waste has significant potential in composites due to its high strength, availability, and sustainability. The potential of agricultural waste has sparked a lot of research to find ways to use these materials as replacements for synthetic materials and for biocomposite polymer products. Pineapple, rice husk, oil palm, banana, coconut, etc., are sources of renewable energy. Their availability comes especially from plantations and waste from some other agricultural industries. Lignocellulose is a major component of agricultural waste and consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, it represents a major source of natural fibers as an alternative raw material for biocomposites. Now, there are many potential applications for bionanocomposites that have been explored, such as packaging, automotive, and others application. This chapter will concentrate on the fundamental properties of different agriculture wastes. At the end, some points regarding nanocomposite production and its applications for various purposes will be discussed.