Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi

Reconstruction of the concentration field around a growing KDP crystal with schlieren tomography

Salt concentration distribution around a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal growing from its aqueous solution has been experimentally determined using a laser schlieren technique. The growth process is initiated by inserting a KDP seed into its supersaturated solution, followed by slow cooling of the solution. Fluid convection leads to a distribution of concentration around the growing crystal. The pattern and strength of convection are important factors for the determination of the crystal growth rate and quality. Experiments have been conducted in a beaker with a diameter of 16.5 cm and a height of 23 cm. A monochrome schlieren technique has been employed to image the concentration field from four view angles, namely, 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 135 degrees. By interpreting the schlieren images as projection data of the solute concentration, the three-dimensional concentration field around the crystal has been determined using the convolution backprojection algorithm. The suitability of the overall approach has been validated using a simulated convective field in a circular differentially heated fluid layer, where full as well as partial data are available. Experiments have been conducted in the convection-dominated regime of crystal growth. The noncircular shape of the crystal is seen to affect axisymmetry of the concentration field close to the crystal surface. The reconstructed concentration fields reveal symmetry of the flow field away from the growing crystal. The solute concentration contours show large growth rates of the side faces of the crystal in comparison with the horizontal faces. In this respect, the concentration profiles are seen to correlate with the crystal geometry.

Schlieren and Shadowgraph Methods in Heat and Mass Transfer

Optical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.

Schlieren investigation of the square cylinder wake: Joint influence of buoyancy and orientation

The present work examines the combined influence of orientation and buoyancy on vortex shedding from a heated square cylinder with the main flow in the vertically upward direction in the aiding buoyancy configuration. The wake of the cylinder is imaged by a schlieren technique. The study investigates the effect of buoyancy, Reynolds number, and angle of incidence of square cylinder with respect to the incoming flow. The Reynolds numbers based on the cylinder edge have been set equal to 56, 87, and 100. Eight different orientations (θ=0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 45°) and a Richardson number range of 0.031–0.291 have been considered. Instantaneous as well as time-averaged schlieren images, velocity profiles, vortex formation length, Strouhal number, and power spectra are reported. Results show that there is no vortex shedding at Re=56 for the zero angle of incidence. Vortex shedding is initiated at this Reynolds number for a higher angle of incidence, indicating that cylinder orientation plays a fa...

Chaotic flow in an aortic aneurysm

Oscillatory flow in straight and deformed geometries is seen in various biomedical applications. The nature of flow plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The present study examines the onset of chaotic flow inside a bulged tube under oscillating flow conditions. An experimental facility is set up for generating the oscillatory flow field inside the model. A fusiform shaped model is hollowed out in a rectangular silicone model. A mixture of water and glycerin is used as the working liquid. Two-camera imaging system placed at right angles is used for three-component velocity measurement of a spherical particle inside the model. Images recorded as a time sequence are analyzed by a particle tracking algorithm. The particle trajectories in space and instantaneous velocities within the bulge have been obtained from experiments as well as numerical simulation. The frequency of oscillation considered is 1.2 Hz and the peak Reynolds numbers are in the range of 650–1200 (expe...

Characteristics of low Reynolds number non-Boussinesq fountains from non-circular sources

The behaviour of low Reynolds number, non-Boussinesq fountains from four different nozzle geometries (one circular and three rectangular nozzles) are studied. High speed laser schlieren imaging is used to study the fountain behaviour (frequency and penetration height). Bi-orthogonal decomposition and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) are used to understand the unsteady characteristics of fountains. The flow regimes of fountains are classified as steady, flapping, and flapping-bobbing type. The DMD technique successfully separates the bobbing oscillation from the combined flapping-bobbing oscillation of the fountain. The frequency of the flapping oscillation, and the frequency of the bobbing oscillation in the flapping-bobbing regime scales as SthFrh = C1 and SthFrh2=C2, respectively, where the characteristic length scale is the smallest dimension (h) of the nozzle. The mean steady state penetration heights (Zs/h) of “forced” low Reynolds number non-Boussinesq fountains are independent of nozzle shape (circ...

Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph

Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques are introduced in the present chapter. Topics including optical arrangement, principle of operation, and data analysis are discussed. Being refractive index-based techniques, schlieren and shadowgraph are to be compared with interferometry, discussed in Chap. 1.

Automatic threshold technique for holographic particle field characterization

The 3D distribution of a particle field by digital holography is obtained by 3D numerical reconstruction of a 2D hologram. The proper identification of particles from the background during numerical reconstruction influences the overall effectiveness of the technique. The selection of a suitable threshold value to segment particles from the background of reconstructed images during 3D holographic reconstruction process is a critical issue, which influences the accuracy of particle size and number density of reconstructed particles. The object particle field parameters, such as depth of sample volume and density of object particles, influence the optimal threshold value. The present study proposes a novel technique for the determination of the optimal threshold value of a reconstructed image. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated using both simulated and experimental data. The proposed technique is robust to variation in optical properties of particle and background, depth of sample volume, and number density of object particle field. The particle diameter obtained from the proposed threshold technique is within 5% of that obtained from the particle size analyzer. There is a maximum ten times increase in reconstruction effectiveness by using the proposed automatic threshold technique in comparison with the fixed manual threshold technique.

Passive Vibration Damping Using Polymer Pads With Microchannel Arrays

Passive vibration control using blocks of viscoelastic materials with macro- and microscopic inclusions has been widely investigated. Significant changes in the vibration response have been observed with such inclusions. We have found that their response changes much more significantly if thin microstructures and channels are carved within these materials and are filled with a high-viscosity fluid. In this paper, we report the passive response of a replicated array of oil-filled microchannels, structured within a block made up of polydimethylsiloxane. Constrained and unconstrained vibration-damping experiments are performed on this block, wherein its vibration suppression ability is detected by applying an excitation signal transversely at the geometric center of the lower face of the block. We observe an increase in the fundamental frequency due to change in stiffness of the block and an increase in damping ratio and loss factor owing to the development of a slip boundary condition between the oil and the microchannel walls causing frictional dissipation of the coupled energy. All vibration experiments have been performed using a single-point laser to ascertain the experimental behavior of the system. We have also modeled the vibration suppression characteristics of such systems both analytically and by using simulation tools.

Hydrodynamic Study of an Oscillating Meniscus in a Square Mini-Channel

Miniaturized fluidic systems like MEMS may involve single-phase or multi-phase flows with oscillations/ pulsations. Understanding the hydrodynamics of such flows can help in manipulating the performance parameters and improving the efficiency of micro-systems. This work focuses on hydrodynamics of a sinusoidally oscillating meniscus in a square mini-channel. The interfacial contact line behavior of a single oscillating meniscus formed between liquid slug and air, inside the square capillary tube, has been explored. An eccentric cam follower system has been fabricated to provide sinusoidal oscillations of fluid in the square glass capillary having hydraulic diameter of 2.0 mm. Experiments are conducted with two fluids, water and silicon oil. Dynamic contact angle measurements are carried out for water at two oscillating frequencies, 0.25 Hz and 0.50 Hz using high speed videography. It is seen that an increase in the oscillating frequency increases the difference in the advancing angle and receding angle of the meniscus, with the static contact angle of water on glass surface around 21°. For silicon oil the experiments have been performed at eight different frequencies in the range of 0.20 Hz and 1.00 Hz. It is seen that the meniscus is pinned at the extreme end of the stroke, unlike that in the case of water, and there is a film of silicon oil during oscillations. The thickness of the film formed increases with increase in oscillating frequency. There is considerable difference in the hydrodynamics of silicon oil and water.Copyright

An educational website on interferometry

The present work describes a website designed for remote teaching of optical measurements using lasers. It enables senior undergraduate and postgraduate students to learn theoretical aspects of the subject and also have a means to perform experiments for better understanding of the application at hand. At this stage of web development, optical methods considered are those based on refractive index changes in the material medium. The website is specially designed in order to provide remote access of expensive lasers, cameras, and other laboratory instruments by employing a commercially available web browser. The web suite integrates remote experiments, hands-on experiments and life-like optical images generated by using numerical simulation techniques based on Open Foam software package. The remote experiments are real time experiments running in the physical laboratory but can be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world and at any time. Numerical simulation of problems enhances learning, visualization of problems and interpretation of results. In the present work hand-on experimental results are discussed with respect to simulated results. A reasonable amount of resource material, specifically theoretical background of interferometry is available on the website along with computer programs image processing and analysis of results obtained in an experiment.