Preeta Sharan

Design of Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor for Detection of Glucose Concentration in Urine

In this paper, we have demonstrated and designed a 2D photonic crystal-based biosensor with line defect, which can detect glucose concentration in urine. Simulation and analysis have been done in order to detect glucose concentration in normal urine (0-15 mg/dL), urine with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 gm/dL of glucose concentration in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm. Finite-difference time-domain method has been used for the analysis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology electromagnetic equation propagation and MIT photonic bands simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal, and IPKISS software framework has been used for generation of mask design, which can be used for the fabrication of the photonic crystal sensor. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index, there will be a moderate shift in the frequency and transmitted output power and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index.

Design and modelling of photonic sensor for cancer cell detection

This paper tells about the early detection of cancer cell by using photonic band gap method. System level cancer cell detection has been done with the dielectric constant(at optical frequency) as the input. Comparison of normal cell and cancerous cell has been done and a precise frequency shift has been observed. The input dielectric constant values of normal cell varies from 1.8225 to 1.8769 and for cancer cell it varies from 1.9376 to 1.9628. Even though the change in the input is very small, a micron change in the frequency has been observed. Thus, photonic crystal based sensor will differentiate the normal cells from cancerous cell.

Mapping of aqua constituents using photonic crystal

Integrated Photonics is an emerging innovative approach which has opened new ways to access to new conditions and measurement possibilities. The Photonic sensor technology can be explored to develop miniaturized, highly integrated, high performing, photonic sensors for underwater environment. Photonic crystal is periodic structure which allows engineering of light. The light propagation in photonic crystal is influenced by dielectric constant of the material. In this paper, we propose a design of a 2-D photonic crystal based-sensor with line defect which can detect and quantify the constituents in water. The sensor will detect the harmful chemicals like arsenic, lead, mercury and others. Analytical work has been done using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and with help of simulation tools MEEP and MPB.

An Analysis and Design of Photonic Crystal-Based Biochip for Detection of Glycosuria

In this paper, a 2-D air holes in silicon slab photonic crystal-based structure with line defect has been designed and simulated for detection of high glucose concentration in urine from 0-15 to 10 gm/dl in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm. High glucose concentration in urine is referred as glycosuria. The proposed sensor structure is modeled and simulated in time domain by using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) electromagnetic equation propagation simulation tool. Finite-difference time-domain method has been used for the analysis. Band structure has been computed and eigen frequencies have been extracted for each k-point for the designed sensor structure by using (MIT photonic bands) simulation tool. The changes in the normalized output power levels, quality (Q)-factor, and resonant frequency have been observed for different concentrations of glucose present in urine. The calculated value of Q-factor obtained is Q = 23575. This paper has been done for normal urine and glycosuric urine. It is clear from the simulated graphs of transmission spectrum and band structure that for minute changes in the refractive index, the transmitted output power level range varies from 0.2298 to -0.091 dB and the resonant frequency range varies from 0.229259-0.22914 (in units of c/a) and hence it acts as a sensor for detection for glycosuria. Our designed sensor has achieved sensitivity of 638 nm /RIU.

Micro displacement sensor design based on photonic crystal emulating MOEMS for detection of acoustic signals

This paper explores the detection of the acoustic signals underwater with a MOEMS structure. The movement of the micro optical elements, which manipulates the light passes through all the dimensional spaces, is what constitutes MOEMS technology, which stands for micro opto-electro mechanical systems. These are used to detect stress, strain and other mechanical parameters based on the displacement. The technology about the mechanical part of the sensing layer, modeled device, used material and the properties of the acoustic wave for streamlines across the buoyant surfaces gives information of the hydrodynamics of sharp structures. The mechanical properties of the rods are allowed to undergo transformation with applied energy which then allows conversion into corresponding changes in electrical and optical properties of the device in the closed system of observation. By using these coupled-optical properties the MOEMS based mechanical structure can be used for flow-metry, leakage detection, blood-pressure monitoring, structural health monitoring among others. In this paper, we investigated a design of a photonic crystal micro-displacement sensor. A theoretical model is constructed to approximate the change of the refractive index impelled by the application of a pressure over a sensing surface. By the actuation of the sensing layer, a linear calibration curve is got by relating the resonant drop location to the applied pressure at a point on the surface. This is what MEMS does and with a photonic crystal sensing technology, it has improved the sensitivity and stability of the sensor. Thus we are promised with this to be successfully implemented in damage detection of civil and military structures under water. The simulation tool used in the paper is MEEP and MATLAB.

Early stage detection of breast cancer using hybrid photonic crystal ring resonator

Photonic crystal biosensors are highly sensitive devices for detection and analysis of bio-analytes that combines biological components with a physicochemical detector using phonon vibrations. Early stage cancer cell detection is currently the need of the hour. In this paper we have demonstrated a 2-dimensional hybrid photonic crystal ring resonator based biosensor with point and line defect which can detect early stage breast cancer. Simulation and analysis has been done normal and breast cancer cell and the intensity levels of transmission spectrum have been observed. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has been used for the analysis. MEEP simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of hybrid photonic crystal ring resonator. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index (RI) there will be a significant shift in the frequency and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index and thus it can differentiate normal and breast cancer cell.

Photonic crystal based sensor for detection of high glucose concentration in urine

In optical biosensors bio-molecules are unlabeled or unmodified and are detected in their natural forms. Photonic crystal based biosensors measure change in the refractive index induced by molecular interactions, which are related to the sample concentration instead of total sample mass. In this paper we have demonstrated a 2-dimensional photonic crystal based optical sensor with line defect which can detect different concentrations of glucose in urine from 0-15 mg/dL to 10 gm/dL in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm and it is indicator of presence of high glucose level in blood which is responsible for causing Diabetes Mellitus. MEEP (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) and MPB (MIT Photonic Bands) simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal. It has been observed from the band structure that for minute variations (0.001) in refractive index of urine which occurs due to change in the concentration of glucose present in it, there will be a moderate shift in the transmitted output power and resonance frequency in the range of 0.293716 - 0.294065 (in Meep units) and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index.

An optical sensor for propagation analysis of Lymphocyte cell for cancer cell detection

Photonic crystal biosensors are highly sensitive devices for detection and analysis of bio-analytes that combines biological components with a physicochemical detector using phonon vibrations. Early stage cancer cell detection is currently the need of the hour. In this paper we have demonstrated a 2-dimensional grating based photonic crystal based biosensor for complete analysis of normal healthy Lymphocyte cell and its components for early stage detection of cancer. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has been used for the analysis of the cell. MEEP and MATAB simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal based sensor and the intensity levels of transmission and reflection spectrums have been observed. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index (RI) there will be a significant shift in the frequency and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index and thus it can differentiate between different components of the Lymphocyte cell as well as normal and cancerous cell.

An area efficient multiplexer for crossbar arbiter design using quantum dot cellular automata

The demand for the design and implementation of efficient crossbar arbiters has raised due to advancement in network-on-chip communication. The function of arbiters is to resolve contention among different i/o ports accessing a common resource. Digital circuits such as multiplexers are building blocks for the implementation of such arbiters in order to provide the best connectivity. The major challenge for the design of on-chip arbiters is to keep the overall area overhead at the minimum level. In this paper we have proposed an optimized design for 4:1 MUX using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology. QCA is an emerging nanoscale technology which provides advantages such as extremely small size, low power consumption and very high speed. The proposed design has been simulated with QCADesigner tool. From the simulation results it can be derived that the proposed 4:1 MUX occupies 0.97844 μm2 area which is 18% lesser than the previous most efficient design. The number of cells has also been reduced by 23 % Therefore, the proposed 4:1 MUX design in QCA implementation provides an optimal solution for the implementation of an area efficient arbiters.

Gallium arsenide based surface plasmon resonance for glucose monitoring

The recent trends in the semiconductor and microwave industries has enabled the development of scalable microfabrication technology which produces a superior set of performance as against its counterparts. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based biosensors are a special class of optical sensors that become affected by electromagnetic waves. It is found that bio-molecular recognition element immobilized on the SPR sensor surface layer reveals a characteristic interaction with various sample solutions during the passage of light. The present work revolves around developing painless glucose monitoring systems using fluids containing glucose like saliva, urine, sweat or tears instead of blood samples. Non–invasive glucose monitoring has long been simulated using label free detection mechanisms and the same concept is adapted. In label-free detection, target molecules are not labeled or altered, and are detected in their natural forms. Label-free detection mechanisms involves the measurement of refractive index (RI) change induced by molecular interactions. These interactions relates the sample concentration or surface density, instead of total sample mass. After simulation it has been observed that the result obtained is highly accurate and sensitive. The structure used here is SPR sensor based on channel waveguide. The tools used for simulation are RSOFT FULLWAVE, MEEP and MATLAB etc.