Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal

Multiple Targets for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

AD is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Βeta- amyloid cascade formation along with several cytoskeleton abnormalities succeeding to the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated tau protein in neurons leads to the elicitation of several neurotoxic incidents. As an outcome of these phenomena, steady growth of dementia in aged population is becoming ubiquitous in both developed and developing countries. Thus, the key aspiration is to endow with stable daily life functionality to the person suffering from dementia and to cut down or slower the symptoms of disease leading to disruptive behavior. In sight of this, the proteins amyloid-beta, BACE-1, RAGE and AChE are being aimed for the treatment of AD successfully. Currently, there are several medicines for the treatment of AD under survey like Galangin, Cymserine, Tolserine, Bisnorcymserine and Huperzine A. The article emphasizes clinical and neurobiological aspects of AD. The purpose of this review article is to provide a brief introduction of AD along with the related concept of beta-secretase, beta amyloid and neurotransmitter in the progression of disease. In the present review, we summarize the available evidence on the new therapeutic approaches that target amyloid and neurotransmitter in the AD.

Nanoparticles as a Carrier System for Drug Delivery Across Blood Brain Barrier

Brain, the centre of the nervous system and an integral part the body, is protected by two anatomical and physiological barriers- Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB). Blood-Brain Barrier is a very complex and highly organized multicellular structure that shields the brain from harmful substances and invading organisms from the bloodstream and thus offering protection against various brain diseases and injuries. However, it also impede the effective delivery of drug to the brain, thus, preventing treatment of numerous neurological disorders. Even though various traditional approaches such as Intra-Cerebro-Ventricular (ICV) injection, use of implants, disruption of BBB and use of prodrugs have achieved some success in overcoming these barriers, researchers are continuously working for promising alternatives for improved brain drug delivery. Recent breakthroughs in the field of nanotechnology provide an appropriate solution to problems associated with these delivery approaches and thus can be effectively used to treat a wide variety of brain diseases. Thus, nanotechnology promises to bring a great future to the individuals with various brain disorders. This review provides a brief overview of various brain drug delivery approaches along with limitations. In addition, the significance of nanoparticles as drug carrier systems for effective brain specific drug delivery has been highlighted. To show the complexity of the problems to be overcome for improved brain drug delivery, a concise intercellular classification of the BBB along with general transport routes across it is also included.

Bacilli as Biological Nano-factories Intended for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Human Welfare

The search of eco-friendly technologies for nano-synthesis is significant to expand their applications in human welfare. Nowadays, various inorganic nanoparticles with beneficial features have been synthesized via physical, chemical, and biological means. Significant biological applications of silver nanoparticles include on-infectious microbes, target drug delivery, cancer and vector-borne disease control. Their syntheses have been tested from plant fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The bacterial mediated synthesis of silver, gold, zinc and other metal leads to a milestone in nano-medicines. Thus, in this review, we focus on the contribution of Bacilli in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the mechanism of action and their potential application in the welfare of human beings.

α-Amylase Inhibitor’s Performance in the Control of Diabetes Mellitus: An Application of Computational Biology

Diabetes mellitus is the most widespread disorders prevalent in current period. α-Amylase enzyme plays a key role in the onset of the abnormal condition by breaking starch into glucose; hence its inhibitors need to be studied thoroughly. Due to the various side effects posed by the existing commercial non-proteinaceous inhibitors, exploration of the natural plant-based inhibitors of the enzyme is the present-day demand. Ample of plants have been extensively studied and reported to exhibit hypoglycaemic properties. This article describes the mode of action of amylase enzyme, phytochemicals which behave as amylase inhibitors and classes of its inhibitors and summarizes various plants studied for their enzyme inhibitory properties including computational tools and techniques to analyse the binding pattern exploration of inhibitors using molecular interaction with enzymes of interest.

Carcinogenic Toxicity of Cigarette Smoke: A Computational Enzymatic Interaction and DNA Repair Pathways

We have performed the interaction analysis of cigarette smoke carcinogens with the enzymes involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Cigarette smoke’s derivatives like 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are well known carcinogens. The binding efficiency of carcinogens with enzymes obtained from docking methods were ranging from +36.96 to −7.47 kcal/mol. Binding efficiency was characterized for the enzymes sharing equivalent or better interaction as compared to positive control. Also we have analyzed the interaction pattern of NNK and NNAL with DNA. The present study suggests that NNK and NNAL may alter the DNA repair machinery that could initiate the progression of tumor leading to cancer. Computational method explores the toxicological characteristics of these enzymes and also opening an opportunity for researchers.

Nanoparticles: Applications, Toxicology and Safety Aspects

Nanotechnology has a global socioeconomic significance. On the brighter side, Nanoparticles (NPs) offer extraordinary technical competencies which allow them to perform enormously novel developments in science and industries. Whereas, on the darker side, just the same novel qualities of nanoparticles can concurrently evoke undesired features, which sometimes lead to adverse and harmful interactions with exposed organisms. Workers involved in manufacturing and handling of NPs in all countries face new hazards from these nanomaterials. The occupational safety and health associations have taken schemes to spot the gaps between awareness and practices. These international agencies formulate the guidelines for handling nano materials and fix their occupational exposure limits. In this chapter authors discussed the source and role of NPs in different areas, NPs induced toxicity, their interaction with different biomolecules, as well as the safety and handling guidelines of NPs in occupational and laboratory areas.

Review Processing, Properties and Applications of Agricultural Solid Waste: Effect of an Open Burning in Environmental Toxicology

India is the one among the major country in agricultural production and second largest producer after China and Brazil in rice and sugarcane production respectively. The cultivation of rice and plantation of sugarcane results in various types of residues: rice straw, rice husk and for sugarcane: bagasse, press mud or filter cake and molasses. During the harvesting of rice crop, the top portion grains are harvested and transported to the mill, while the stem (straw), rice husk, leaf and sugarcane residues are left on the field. It could be an appropriate to reuse and utilize a portion of crop residue for liquid fuels or combusted/gasified to produce electricity and heat. This chapter provides an overview of solid waste residues for energy production and also their toxic effects in the environment an open burning process. This chapter reviews the process for the production of ethanol, charcoal, paper and building materials (concrete, cement, bricks) from biomass. Additionally, a significant role of rice husk in silica production and then synthesized silicon nanoparticle use in biomedical research (i.e. drug delivery, cancer treatment etc.) has been introduced. Interestingly, the role of bio-computational approach of silica nanoparticle for drug designing also discussed. Comprehensive review processing of vermicomposting is discussed as a potential tool to bio-convert rice or sugarcane residues into enabling recycling of organic matter or organic fertilizer. After harvesting of rice or sugarcane, these residues remain on agriculture land and processed further for open burning by farmers. This open burning has hazardous effects on human health and the environment, is also discussed in this article. This article provides the possible pathway of mechanism and future recommendations for the use of agriculture waste as a bio-resource.

Marine Drugs: A Hidden Wealth and a New Epoch for Cancer Management

BACKGROUND Malignant tumors are the leading cause of death in humans. Due to the tedious efforts and investigations made in the field of marine drug discovery, there is now a scientific bridge between marine and pharmaceutical sciences. However, currently only few marine drugs have been lined towards anticancer direction yet many more to are be established in future as well. METHOD This review gives an overview of present status of marine natural products MNPs both at the level of research and clinical stages. The authors haved summarized the detail information of diverse marine organisms that were reportedto be active or potentially active in cancer treatment in the last two decades. Interstingly, marine organisms are abundant producer of plenty of structurally incomparable bioactive metabolites that have unusual mode of actions and diverse biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS This review summarizes the associated anticancer properties of different classes of marine natural compounds based on their structural diversity, biological activity, and the molecular mechanisms of action. Emphasis has also be given to recent advances in clinical development of marine agents used in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The present review is summarising the various sources of marine chemicals and their exploration of anticancerous potential. There is justified hope for the discovery and development of new anticancer agents from the marine environment.

Methods of Screening-Purification and Antimicrobial Potentialities of Bacteriocin in Health Care

BACKGROUND Bacteriocin have been tested as safe and effective alternative molecules over the currently used chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, being an important clinical significance, its screening and recovery methods along with its application are poorly described. Therefore, their screening, purification strategies and utilities must me extended. Thus, in this review, we, summarize potential application, various screening and purification methods used for recovery of bacteriocins. METHODS To complete this review, many reviews and previously published reports were studied. We, concentrated on review question and exclusion and inclusion criteria. The quality of content was evaluated by the quality the quality contents evaluation method. The standard method is used to describe the useful contents of available resources and appraised. RESULTS One hundred twenty research and review reports were used to complete this report. Sixty reports were used to make a collective information on screening and production of Bacteriocin Eighty two papers were used to explore the antimicrobial, therapeutic, diagnostic etc potentialities of bacteriocin in diverse field. The summarize form of data also presented in the form of tables and figures. This review describes the various methods and parameters that must be considered during the screening and purification methods. Moreover, the useful information is collected in regard represent it therapeutic potentialities in various fields for the welfare of human being. CONCLUSIONS The conclusion of this review presented the significance of a fundamental framework for planning to understanding the basic requirement needed for fast, cost effective screening and purification of bacteriocins. The summered area of their utilities also helpful to extend the research field of bacteriocin. Thus, this report would be useful not only to scale up the screening and production strategies faster at economical rate, but also provides a platform to extend the research field of bacteriocin in many ways.